Kuweruza milandu yamalamulo oyendera pamsonkhano wovuta

M'nkhani ya sabata ino, tikuwunika milandu ingapo yokhudzana ndi kutsatiridwa kwa magawo osankhidwa a forum pamakontrakitala oyenda ndi maulendo apanyanja [Young v. Holland American Line, NV, 2016 US Dist. LEXIS 179370 (ND Cal. 2016) (kuvulala kwakuthupi komwe kumachitika paulendo wapamadzi; chigamulo chosankhidwa ku Washington sichinatsatidwe); woyendetsa maulendo [Vardanyan v. Costa Rica Travel Planning, Inc., 2016 WL 7378545 (Cal. App. 2016)(imfa yolakwika ku Costa Rica; ndime yosankha forum ya Colorado yakhazikitsidwa; lamulo la Colorado lagwiritsidwa ntchito)] ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Chiphunzitso cha forum chomwe sichili bwino pamilandu ya ngozi kumahotela akunja kapena kumalo osangalalira [Wilmot v. Marriott Hurghada Management, Inc., No. 16-3211 (3d Cir. 2017)(nzika ya ku United Kingdom ikuvulala m'mbali mwa dziwe ku hotelo ku Egypt; kuyenda kuletsa pazifukwa za forum zomwe sizinaperekedwe; Delaware sichoyenera; Egypt kapena United Kingdom mabwalo okwanira; Brown v. Marriott International, Inc., No. 14-CV-5960 (SLT)(MDG) (EDNY 2017)(Nzika ya United States yazembera ndikugwa pa hotelo ku St. Kitts, British West Indies; kukakamiza kuchotsedwa pazifukwa a forum non conveniens anakanidwa; St. Kitts osati bwalo lokwanira); Guezou v. American University of Beirut, 2017 NY Slip Op 31688(U)(Nzika yaku France inavulala pagombe ku Lebanon pomwe mpando wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ukugwa; kukana chifukwa cha msonkhano womwe sunavomerezedwe; Lebanon ndi msonkhano wokwanira)]. Onaninso: Dickerson, In Hotel Law, The Best Defense Is an Enforceable Forum Selection Clause, newyorklawjournal (5/26/2017) (kukambirana St. Aubin v. Island Hotel Company, 2017 US Dist. LEXIS 37042 (SD Fla.2017) (Nzika yaku US inavulala pamalo ochezera ku Nassau; gawo losankhidwa la forum la Bahamas silinatsatidwe); Molino v. Sagamore, 105 AD 3d 922 (NYAD 2016) (mlendo akuvulala ku hotelo ku Warren County, New York; ndime yosankha forum yakhazikitsidwa). komanso nkhani yathu yapitayi pamutuwu: Dickerson, Zosankha za Forum mu mgwirizano wapaulendo: Kodi chidziwitso chokwanira chiyenera kufunidwa? eturbonews (11/15/2015).

Zowonjezera Zazigawenga

Myanmar

Ku Beech, A Rohingya Akukumana ndi Zowopsa Zenizeni. Ndiye N’chifukwa Chiyani Nkhani Zawo Zina Si Zoona?, nytimes (2/1/2018) zinanenedwa kuti “Mumsasa uliwonse wa anthu othawa kwawo, tsoka limaperekedwa. Magulu othandizira akufuna kuthandiza omwe ali osowa kwambiri ndipo anthu amazindikira mwachangu kuti nkhani ya alongo anayi amasiye ili ndi phindu lalikulu kuposa banja lomwe lidali lolimba lomwe lidangotaya chuma chake chonse…Njira zotere ndi njira yachilengedwe yopulumukira…Koma nkhani zabodza zimatsitsa zowopsa zenizeni. -kupha, kugwiriridwa ndi kuwotchedwa kwa midzi-zomwe zaperekedwa kwa a Rohingya ndi asilikali a chitetezo ku Myanmar. Ndipo nkhani zokongoletsedwa zotere zimangolimbikitsa mikangano ya boma la Myanmar kuti zomwe zikuchitika m'boma la Rakhine sikuyeretsa mafuko monga momwe mayiko akunja amanenera, koma chinyengo cha oukira akunja ".

Kufufuza Nkhondo Yamankhwala ku Philippines

Ku Villamor, Khothi Lalikulu Lapadziko Lonse Lidzafufuza za Duerte Pa Nkhondo Ya Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo, nytimes (2/8/2018) "The International Criminal Court inanena Lachiwiri kuti ikutsegula kufufuza koyambirira pa milandu yomwe Purezidenti Rodrigo Duerte ndi akuluakulu ena a ku Philippines adachita zolakwa. anthu pa nthawi imene boma linkalimbana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo…A Harry Roque, mneneri wa pulezidenti wa ku Philippines, ananena kuti kulimbana ndi boma kunali 'ntchito yovomerezeka ya apolisi' ndipo pulezidenti wa dziko lino walandira chigamulo cha khoti la The Hague".

Parkland, Florida

Ku Burch & Mazzei, Florida School Shooting Death Toll Ali ndi zaka 17 ndipo Akhoza Kuuka, nthawi zina (2/14/2018) zidadziwika kuti "Mnyamata wina wokhala ndi zida zamphamvu adalowa kusukulu yake yakale ya sekondale pafupifupi ola limodzi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Miami Lachitatu, kuwombera ana asukulu ndi aphunzitsi omwe ali ndi mantha ndikusiya chiwerengero cha anthu 17 omwe amwalira chomwe chikhoza kukwera kwambiri…Ophunzira adakhamukirana mwamantha m’makalasi awo, ena akuphunzitsa mafoni awo am'manja zakupha, kugwira matupi otanuka, kukuwa ndi kulira kwamfuti zomwe zidayamba ndi kuwombera pang'ono. kenako anapitiriza ndi zambiri. Omwalirawo ndi ana asukulu ndi akuluakulu, ena mwa iwo anawomberedwa kunja kwa sukuluyo ndipo ena anali mkati mwa nyumbayo yansanjika zitatu. Wowombera yemwe anali ndi mfuti ya semiautomatic AR-15 adadziwika kuti Nikolas Cruz, wazaka 19 yemwe adachotsedwa pasukulupo ".

Kufananiza kwa M'malire

Ku Aguilar, Kuchokera ku Museums to Mountains, Pride and Patriotism, nytimes (2/6/2018) zidadziwika kuti "Malire apakati pa United States ndi Mexico ali m'nkhani tsiku lililonse, pamakangano opitilirabe okhudza kusamuka komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pazachitetezo. . Koma zimakhala bwanji kuyendera malo omwe ali m'malire? Kuti adziŵe, olemba buku la Travel anathera nthaŵi m’magawo asanu: Brownsville, Tex., ndi Matamoros, Mexico; Bif Bend National Park ndi Boquillas; San Diego ndi Tijuana; Nogales, Ariz Ndi Nogales, Mexico; ndi El Paso ndi Ciudad Juarez”.

Katswiri Wa Zanyama Zakuthengo Ku Kenya Anaphedwa

Ku Gettleman, No Suspects in Killing of Eccentric American, Katswiri Wanyama Zaku zakutchire waku Kenya, nytimes (2/5/2018) zidadziwika kuti "Anali m'gulu la nyama zakuthengo ku Kenya ... ndi nyanga ya chipembere. Tsopano ndi amene waphedwa mwachinsinsi…Sizikudziwika ngati Bambo Martin, yemwe anali ndi zaka 76, anaphedwa chifukwa cha maganizo awo okhwima kapena ntchito yawo. Mosakayikira anali ndi adani ambiri, akulemba lipoti pambuyo pa lipoti lomwe linavumbula kuzama kwa malonda a minyanga ya njovu ndi nyanga za zipembere padziko lonse lapansi zomwe zapha masauzande a nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, Imfa Yake inachititsa mantha kwambiri m'chilengedwe chonse cha ku East Africa".

Otsutsa a Majorca Adzatsutsidwa

Mu ochita zionetsero zokopa alendo ku Majorca akuimbidwa mlandu, Travelwirenews (2/9/2018) zidadziwika kuti "Gulu lotchedwa Arran Paisos Catalans limati zokopa alendo ambiri zikuwononga chilumba cha Majorca. Idafika ku Palma Marina Julayi watha, ndikuyatsa moto pafupi ndi mabwato apamwamba. Omenyera ufuluwo adaponyanso confetti pazakudya zomwe zidachitika ndi mantha pamalo odyera apafupi. Iwo akuimbidwa mlandu wosokoneza anthu, kuwononga komanso kuwopseza ”.

Airbnb Yatsegula Kugawira Mahotelo

Mu Airbnb Imatsegula Mwamtheradi Kugawa Kwamahotelo-Kuyenda Sabata Lililonse, travelwirenews (2/8/2018) zidadziwika kuti "Airbnb ndiyolola mahotela ndi ena opereka malo ogona kuti alembetse patsamba lino koyamba kudzera pakugawa kwachipani chachitatu. network. Siteminder idzakhala nsanja yoyamba kukhala woyang'anira mayendedwe padziko lonse lapansi kuti mbiri yake ya katunduyo iwonetsedwe pamodzi ndi katundu omwe alipo kuchokera kwa omwe ali ndi Airbnb.

Yatsani Hamster Ameneyo, Chonde

Mu mzimayi wa AP Florida: Ndege idandiuza kuti ndithamangitse pet hamster, msn (2/9/2018) zidadziwika kuti "Mzimayi wina waku Florida akuti ndege idamuuza kuti agwetse chimbudzi chake pabwalo la ndege chifukwa chomverera sichinali chololedwa. kuti awuluke naye… Nyuzipepala ya Miami Herald inanena kuti Belen Aldecosea asananyamuke kupita kunyumba kuchokera ku koleji kupita ku South Florida, adayimba foni kawiri kawiri Spirit Airlines kuti atsimikizire kuti atha kubweretsa Pebbles, hamster wake wam'mimba, Palibe Vuto, ndegeyo inatero. Koma (iye) atafika pabwalo la ndege la Baltimore, Mzimu anakana kulola nyamayo kuti ikwere. Mnyamata wazaka 21 adauza pepalalo kuti adatsitsa Pebbles pamalingaliro a wogwira ntchito mundege, atasowa njira zina…'Anachita mantha. Ndinkachita mantha, zinali zochititsa mantha kuyesa kumuyika m'chimbudzi "adatero Aldecosea".

Lekani Kugwiritsa Ntchito Molakwika Zinthu Zopatulika, Chonde

Pamilandu ya tchalitchi cha AP Native imayambitsa maphunziro a oyang'anira ndege, wtop (2/8/2018) zidadziwika kuti "Bokosi lamatabwa linali ndi nthenga ya chiwombankhanga ndi mluzu wa mafupa, phokoso la mphonda ndi zinthu zokomera nthenga zomwe zimanyamula mphamvu zauzimu ndipo ndizo. amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa miyambo yachipembedzo ya Amwenye Achimereka. Bambo yemwe anali ndi bokosilo adapempha wothandizira pa bwalo la ndege la San Antonio International kuti amulole kuwonetsa zinthuzo kuti mphamvu zawo zisaipitsidwe. Othandizirawo anakana, akungogwira zinthuzo ndikuzibweza m'bokosi, malinga ndi Sandor Iron Rope, Purezidenti wakale wa Native American Church of North America. Mlandu wake wotsutsana ndi (TSA) udathetsedwa mwezi watha, popanda mbali yomwe idavomereza cholakwika ndipo bungweli lidavomera kuti liphunzitse bwino antchito ake za zinthu zachipembedzo zaku America m'ma eyapoti oposa khumi ndi awiri m'dziko lonselo".

Zolakwa za Inshuwaransi ya Ulendo wa Cruise

Muzolakwitsa Zina Zazikulu Zazikulu 4 Zomwe Zingapangitse Inshuwaransi Yanu Yoyendayenda Ikhale Yachabechabe, travelwirenews (2/7/2018) zidadziwika kuti "Mvula yamkuntho ya 2017 yomwe idawononga malo otchuka komanso nyengo yachisanu yomwe idatseka kwakanthawi ma eyapoti ena adapangitsa apaulendo ambiri. kuluza ndalama… Kampani yoyerekeza ya inshuwaransi yoyendera maulendo, Squaremouth, ikufotokoza momwe mungapewere zolakwika zinayi zazikulu zomwe zingapangitse kuti ndondomeko ikhale yopanda phindu. Kulakwitsa No. 1 Kudikirira Mpaka Pakhale Nyengo Yoipa Kuti Upeze Inshuwaransi Yapaulendo…chimphepo chamkuntho kapena mphepo yamkuntho itapatsidwa dzina, nthawi yatha kuti mupeze inshuwaransi yapaulendo…Cholakwa Chachiwiri: Kumwa Mowa ndi Kungoganiza Kuti Zadzidzidzi Zachipatala Zaphimbidwa. Inshuwaransi yapaulendo imatha kulipira sitima yapamadzi yokwera mtengo pokhapokha woyenda ataledzera…Kulakwitsa Nambala 2: Kungoganiza Kuti Zadzidzidzi Zamankhwala Zaphimbidwa Pamaulendo Onse Pamphepete mwa Nyanja… Apaulendo ena amatha kudziwa kuti pali zinthu zina zomwe sizingachitike pazochitika zowopsa monga kulumpha bungee kapena skydiving koma apaulendo ambiri. mwina sangazindikire kuti lamulo lingaphatikizepo zochitika zochepa zomwe zingakhudze zinthu zambiri monga kuyenda pa kayaking kapena kukwera baluni ya mpweya wotentha… Kulakwitsa 3: Kufika (pa) Doko Lanu Lonyamuka Mofulumira Ndi Kungoganiza Kuti Mwaphimbidwa”.

Muzichita Zolimbitsa Thupi Pamene Mukuyenda

Ku Vora, Momwe Mungakwaniritsire Zochita Zolimbitsa Thupi Pamene Mukuyenda, nthawi zina (2/8/2018) zidadziwika kuti "Ms. Lang (wophunzitsa anthu ku New York City) ali ndi malangizo ambiri amomwe mungapangire masewera olimbitsa thupi mukamayenda. Nazi zina…Muziwona Malo Anu Kudzera muzochita…Pangani Ulendo Wanu Wekha…Yambitsani Tsiku Lanu Ndi Zolimbitsa Thupi Zing’onozing’ono…Osangodikira Pamzere…M’malo mongoima ndi kudikirira…Ms. Lang anakulangizani kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yanu kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi atatu. kuti omwe akuima pafupi sangazindikire: ng'ombe imakweza, yomwe imalimbitsa miyendo ya m'munsi, glute imafinya, komwe mumangiriza glutes ndikugwira motalika momwe mungathere musanatulutse, kuti mumveke kumbuyo kwanu ndi kupuma kwa mimba, kumene mumatulutsa pamene mukukoka. m'mimba mwanu ndikupitiriza kutulutsa mpweya ndikuchikoka pamene mukuchikoka kwambiri, kuti muwonjezere mphamvu zanu zapakati. Mutha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osamvetseka, koma zotsatira zake zikhala zabwino. ”

Kutembenuza Kusintha kwa Chitetezo cha Sitima

Ku Haag, Signal System Inali Pansi Pakukwezedwa Kwachitetezo Pamaso pa Fatal Amtrak Crash, Authorities Say, nytimes (2/5/2018) zidadziwika kuti "Ogwira ntchito yokonza njanji ku South Carolina Lamlungu adayimitsa makina ake amawu kuti akhazikitse. tekinoloje yatsopano yomwe ikufuna kupewa ngozi pomwe njanji ya Amtrak idagunda panjanji yonyamula katundu, kupha anthu awiri, ofufuza adati Lolemba… Kusintha kwamanja, Iye adati injiniya wa Amtrak pa sitimayo ayenera kuti adawonanso kuti chosinthiracho chidayikidwa molakwika ”.

Khalani Kutali ndi Baltimore, Chonde

Ku Williams, Ku Baltimore, Akuluakulu A Brazen Anatenga Mwayi Wonse Kubera ndi Kubera, nytimes (2/6/2018) zidadziwika kuti "Milu yabilu, $ 100,000 yotengedwa pamalo otetezeka. Matumba otaya zinyalala odzaza ndi mankhwala omwe adabedwa omwe adatayidwa pamsika wakuda. Woyendetsa galimoto adabera $25,000. Zolakwazo sizinachitike ndi achifwamba wamba, koma apolisi aku Baltimore. Awa ndi ena mwazinthu zambiri zomwe zawululidwa pazambiri zachinyengo za apolisi m'badwo… kubisa zochita zawo.”

Idaho: Kusintha Kwanyengo Ndi Chiyani?

Ku Albeck-Ripka, Idaho Anachotsa Kusintha kwa Nyengo Kuchokera ku Malangizo a Sukulu. Tsopano Ndi Nkhondo, nytimes (2/6/2018) zidadziwika kuti "Nkhondo yandale yolimbana ndi kutentha kwa dziko yafikira kumaphunziro asayansi m'zaka zaposachedwa pomwe mayiko angapo ayesa kufooketsa kapena kuletsa miyeso yatsopano yophunzitsa yomwe imaphatikizapo chidziwitso cha sayansi yanyengo. . Koma ku Idaho kokha komwe nyumba yamalamulo ya boma idachotsa kutchulidwa konse kwakusintha kwanyengo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha anthu kuchokera pamalangizo asayansi m'boma ndikusiya zina zonse. Tsopano aphunzitsi, makolo ndi ana asukulu akubweza mmbuyo”.

Osadwala Ku India, Chonde

Ku Gettleman & Kumar, Dokotala Wabodza ku India Akuwaganizira Kupatsira Anthu Ambiri Ndi HIV, nytimes (2/6/2018) zidadziwika kuti "Apolisi kumpoto kwa India amafufuza Lachiwiri dokotala wabodza yemwe akuwaganizira kuti wapatsira odwala ake ambiri. HIV pogwiritsa ntchito syringe yakuda. Odwalawo adalandira chithandizo ndi yemwe amadziwika kuti 'jhola chhaap dctor' sing'anga wongoyendayenda yemwe ziyeneretso zake zokha (chhaap ndi chizindikiro kapena chisindikizo chovomerezeka) ndi jhola, thumba la thonje lomwe limaperekedwa. Ambiri ndi osaphunzitsidwa, ndipo machiritso ena omwe amapereka angakhale oopsa, koma ku India, kumene njira zothandizira zaumoyo zimatsutsidwa kwambiri, anthu osauka ambiri nthawi zambiri amaona kuti alibe chochita koma kulipira ndalama zochepa kuti athandizidwe ndi chiyembekezo cha chithandizo. zabwino kwambiri”.

Uber Imakonda Anthu Othamanga

Ku Westgard, Uber's Pay Formula for Driver Favors Speed, Who Benefits Men, msn (2/7/2018) zidadziwika kuti "Uber yatsimikizira kuti ndi malo osinthika a madalaivala omwe amatha kukhazikitsa maola awo ndi njira zawo, dongosolo lomwe Ena amaganiziridwa kuti angakomere akazi, M'malo mwake, zikuwoneka kuti njira yolipirira madalaivalawa imakonda kuthamanga, komwe kumakonda kutsatiridwa ndi amuna otsogola, kafukufuku wasonyeza. Zotsatira zake ndikuti madalaivala a Uber amapeza 7 peresenti kuposa akazi, malinga ndi (kuwunika) kwa madalaivala opitilira miliyoni imodzi poyambira. Zinthu zina kuphatikiza zokumana nazo komanso zomwe amakonda pa nthawi komanso malo ogwirira ntchito, zimathandiziranso kuti pakhale kusiyana, malinga ndi kafukufukuyu ”.

Chisankho cha Grubhub & Kugawana Chuma

Ku Dickey, Woweruza amaweruza kuti Grubhub adayika dalaivala wodziyimira pawokha ngati kontrakitala wodziyimira pawokha, techcrunch (2/9/2018) zidadziwika kuti "Miyezi ingapo pambuyo pomvera mfundo zotsekera pamlandu wa Lawson v. Grubhub, Woweruza Jacqueline Scott Corley wagamula kuti Raef Lawson , wodandaulayo, anali kontrakitala wodziyimira pawokha poyendetsa ndikupereka chakudya kwa Grubhub…Chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamlandu wokhazikika pamayeso a Borello, omwe amayang'ana zochitika ngati ntchito yomwe yachitika ndi gawo la bizinesi yanthawi zonse, luso lofunikira, kulipira. njira komanso ngati ntchitoyo ikuchitika moyang'aniridwa ndi manejala. Cholinga cha mayesowa ndikuwunika ngati wogwira ntchito ndi kontrakitala wa 1099 kapena wa W-2 ". Monga momwe Khotilo linanenera "" pamene zinthu zina zimayenderana ndi mgwirizano wa ntchito, Grubhub alibe mphamvu zonse zofunika pa ntchito ya Mr. Lawson, kuphatikizapo momwe anaperekera katundu komanso ngakhale kwa nthawi yayitali bwanji, pamodzi ndi zinthu zina zimakopa Khotilo. kuti gulu la makontrakitala linali loyenera kwa Mr. Lawson pa nthawi yake yochepa ndi Grubhub ". Lingaliroli likhudza Uber, Lyft ndi makampani ena ogawana nawo.

Milandu Yoyendera Maulendo A Sabata

Case 1

Mu Young v. Holland America Line, NV Khoti linanena kuti Odandaula "adasungitsa ulendo wa masiku 14 ku Caribbean… woyendetsedwa ndi Holland koma adagula matikiti awo kudzera pa Defendant Costco Travel. Otsutsawo akuti adavulala paulendo wawo wapamadzi. Otsutsa adapereka mlandu (ku California) ponena kuti kusasamala kwa Otsutsawo kunayambitsa kuvulala kwawo. Holland adapereka pempho loti asamutsire malowa ku Western District of Washington 'motsatira zomwe zasankhidwa pamwambo wa Passage Contract'".

Kulankhulana Moyenera

"Apa, cholinga cha mikangano ya maphwando ndikuti ngati gawo losankha forum mu Holland's Passage Contract lidadziwitsidwa kwa Odandaula ... Holland imayang'ana kwambiri ... Holland akuti Wotsutsa 'amayenera kuwona kaye kenako ndikuvomereza zomwe zili mumgwirizano wa Passage Contract' zomwe zikuphatikiza forum = gawo losankhidwa. Zowonadi, a Holland akuti 'Otsutsa sakanatha kusindikiza ziphaso zawo zokwerera popanda kuvomereza zovomerezeka'. Holland kenako akufotokoza momwe, mkati mwa Passage Contract, mawu osankha pabwalo 'amasiyanitsidwa' ndi mawonekedwe ake".

Kusungitsa Kupyolera mu Costco

"Vuto la zomwe a Holland ananena ndilakuti Oimba Sanagwiritse ntchito njira yosungitsa malo pa intaneti…Odandaula amafotokoza kuti adagula matikiti awo oyenda panyanja kudzera ku Costco Travel (ndipo) woyendetsa maulendo a Costco adatumizira Odandaula kuti alembe zotsimikizira za kusungitsa kwawo komanso ulendo wawo. Palibe chilichonse mwa zolembedwazi chomwe chinatchula ndime yosankha forum. (Kenako wothandizira wa Costco adatumiza imelo yomwe) idawuza Odandaula kuti ayang'ane paulendo wawo pa webusayiti ya Holland kuti apeze ma tag awo okwera ndi katundu… sanathe kutero. Onse pamodzi, Odandaula adayimbira foni ya Holland's kasitomala (ndipo pamapeto pake adalandira chiphaso cha masamba khumi ndi chimodzi kudzera pa imelo patsamba 8 pomwe panali) zowulula zokhudzana ndi gawo losankhidwa".

Chidziwitso Chosakwanira

"Zotsatira zake ndizakuti Otsutsa sanadziwitsidwe za chigamulo chosankhidwa mu Passage Contract mpaka atasungitsa matikiti awo oyenda panyanja, ndipo ngakhale pamenepo, chiganizocho chinakwiriridwa kumbuyo kwa chikalata chamasamba 11. Pazifukwa izi Khothi likuwona kuti mndandanda wa zochitikazi sunapangitse ndime yosankha bwino pa forum. (Kuonjezera apo) Khoti likukayikira kuti mawu omwe amawululidwa pokhapokha atagula komanso panthawi yomwe kuchotsedwa kungawononge ndalama zokwana 75% ya mtengo wa tikiti kungakhutiritse kuyesa koyenera kwa kuyankhulana. Onani Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc., 499 US 585, 595 (1991) (ndikuwona kuti ndikofunikira kuti okwera sitima yapamadzi 'akhalebe ndi mwayi wokana mgwirizano popanda chilango').

Case 2

Pankhani ya Vardanyan v. Costa Rica Travel Planning, Inc. (CR Travel), Khoti linanena kuti “Oimba mlandu akuti…Vardanyan anagula phukusi latchuthi kuchokera ku CR Travel (yomwe) adatumiza imelo… panopa tikutsimikiza kusungitsa malo anu...Potipempha kuti tikusungireni malo oti mukuvomereza Migwirizano & Zokwaniritsa (zomwe) zikuphatikiza ndime yosankha forum mu ndime ina yokhala ndi mutu wakuti 'Lamulo Logwiritsiridwa Ntchito' mu zilembo zazikulu. Pansi pa mutuwo panali chinenero chotsatirachi: 'Mgwirizanowu udzayendetsedwa ndi malamulo a State of Colorado ndipo mikangano yonse idzabweretsedwa ku Weld County, Colorado'…pa Ogasiti 4, 2013 womwalirayo anamira ku Costa Rica akusambira munyanja. …Atatumizidwa CR Travel ndi…dandaulo…(lidasuntha kuti lichotse madandaulo) potengera ndime yosankha forum”.

Chigamulo Chosankhira Forum chikukwaniritsidwa

Pambuyo poyang'ana zotsutsana za Wotsutsa zokhudzana ndi chidziwitso chokwanira, kusazindikira komanso kuwonekera bwino Khoti lidakakamiza chigamulo chosankha forum ya Colorado. "Apa, chikalata chomwe chili ndi gawo losankhira forum (mayimelo okhudzana ndi mawu ndi zikhalidwe) ali ndi tsamba limodzi lokha, ndipo ndime yosankha forum imayikidwa m'ndime imodzi yosiyana. Ndime imeneyo ili ndi mutu wakuti 'Applicable Law' mu zilembo zazikuluzikulu. Choncho, ngakhale kuti mawu a m’ndimeyi analembedwa molingana ndi zilembo za zigawo zina, ‘sanakwiridwe m’nyanja’ ya zilembo zofanana. Kuwonjezera apo, zilembo za malembawo sizinali zochepa kwambiri. Zowonadi, chikalatacho chidatumizidwa ndi imelo kwa Vardanyan, fontyo ikadakhala yayikulu atatsegula pakompyuta ".

Case 3

Pa mlandu wa Wilmot ndi Marriott Hurghada Managements, Inc., Khotilo linanena kuti: “Mlanduwu unachitika chifukwa chakuti Guy Wilmot, nzika ya ku United Kingdom komanso nzika ya ku United Kingdom, anavulala pa nthawi yatchuthi pa malo ochitira masewera ena a Marriott ku Hurghada, Egypt. . Atavulala, Wilmot anachitidwa opaleshoni yothyoka phewa ku Egypt ndipo anakafuna chithandizo china kwa madokotala ndi ochiritsa thupi ku United Kingdom. Iwo omwe adawona zomwe zidachitika, adathandizira Wilmot pambuyo pake ndikumuchiritsa kuvulala kwake onse amakhalabe ku Egypt kapena ku United Kingdom. Zolemba zilizonse zachipatala zopangidwa kuchokera ku chisamaliro cha Wilmot zili ku Egypt kapena ku United Kingdom. Wilmot adabweretsa izi ku District of Delaware ”.

Kuyambitsa Kuthamangitsa

"Poyankha (pamlandu) a Marriott adapereka pempho loti achotse ma forum omwe si a conveniens, kutsutsana ndi Egypt kunali bwalo loyenera kuthetsa mlanduwu. Marriott adavomera kuvomera ntchito ku Egypt ndikuvomera ulamuliro wa makhothi aku Egypt, Marriott adaperekanso chikalata chotsimikizika cha Tarek Ahmed Roushdy Ezzo, Managing Partner wa kampani yamalamulo yaku Egypt ya Ezzo Advocates, yomwe idatsimikizira zomwe Wilmot adanena kuti zitha kudziwika m'makhothi aku Egypt. . Wilmot atayankha, yankho la Marriott lidaperekanso United Kingdom ngati bwalo lopezeka komanso lokwanira. ”

Forum Zosakhala Zosavuta

"Chiphunzitso cha forum sichiyenera kupangitsa kuti khothi lachigawo lisankhe kusankha 'kukana kulamulidwa ndi udindo wake'…pamene mlandu 'udzakhazikitsa ... kupondereza ndi kukwiyitsa wozengedwa mlandu ... adafotokoza zinthu zinayi zomwe zingathandize kuti makhothi achigawo agwiritse ntchito nzeru zawo: '(1) kuchuluka kwa ulemu woperekedwa kwa [wodandaula] kuti asankhe bwalo, (2) kupezeka kwa bwalo lokwanira lomwe ozengedwa mlandu ali ovomerezeka ndi [wodandaulayu]. ] zonena zimazindikirika; (3) zofunikira za 'zokonda zachinsinsi' zomwe zimakhudza kumasuka kwa oimba milandu; ndi (4) zinthu zokhuza 'zofuna za anthu' zomwe zimakhudza kumasuka kwa msonkhano'”.

Zinthu Zinayi

Choyamba, Khotilo linavomereza kuti “chisankho cha Wilmot (chiyenera kuperekedwa) ‘chochepa kwambiri’ kusiyana ndi chimene woimba mlandu angasankhe” chifukwa chakuti ndi “wakunja” ndipo kusankha kwake pabwalo la United States “ndikosatheka. kukhazikika pa kumasuka”. Chachiwiri, pankhani ya kupezeka kwa bwalo lamilandu lokwanira, Khothi lidapeza kuti United Kingdom ndi Egypt ndizokwanira ngakhale "Wilmot amatsutsanso zauchigawenga komanso katangale zomwe zimapangitsa makhothi aku Egypt kukhala osakwanira". Chachitatu, pankhani zachinsinsi [“Zokonda pawekha zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa zikuphatikizapo kumasuka kwa magwero a umboni; kuthekera kowongolera kupezeka kwa mboni ngati kuli kofunikira; kumatanthauza kuwona malo ndi zinthu zoyenera; Ndipo zopinga zilizonse zomwe zingalepheretse kuyesa kosavuta, kogwira mtima "komanso zokonda za anthu [" zokonda za anthu ["] pagulu zimaphatikizapo zovuta zolamulira zomwe zidachitika m'malo okakamizidwa; zokonda zakomweko kuti mlanduwo ukazengedwe kunyumba; chikhumbo chofuna kuti bwalo ligwirizane ndi lamulo lomwe likuyenera kuyang'anira mlanduwo kuti apewe kusamvana kwa malamulo…; ndi kupeŵa kulemetsa nzika za bwalo losakhudzana ndi ntchito yoweruza milandu”], Khotilo linanena kuti “pafupifupi mboni zonse, umboni ndi magwero ena a umboni ali kunja kwa United States. Mlanduwu ukukhudza ngozi yomwe akuti idachitika ku Egypt, yomwe nzika yaku Britain komanso wokhalamo adavulala ndi madotolo aku Egypt ndi Britain ... District of Delaware ilibe chidwi chothana ndi nkhaniyi poyerekeza ndi Egypt kapena United Kingdom". Cholinga chochotsa chaperekedwa.

Case 4

Pa mlandu wa Brown v. Marriott International, Inc., Khotilo linanena kuti woimba mlandu ali mlendo ku St. Kitts Marriott Resort “adaterereka ndi kugwa chifukwa cha kutsika kwamadzi kuchokera mu chowongolera mpweya… pokhudzana ndi ziwawa pansi…St. Kitts chilumba ndi chilumba choyandikana ndi Nevis ndi dziko lodziyimira pawokha la 'zilumba ziwiri ku West Indies; lotchedwa 'Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis…Wotsutsa amakhala ku Brooklyn, New York (ndipo) Wotsutsa ndi bungwe la Delaware (lomwe lasiya kuchotsedwa ntchito pazifukwa zosagwirizana)”.

St. Kitts Msonkhano Wosakwanira

"Ngakhale ndizowona kuti Wotsutsa sayenera kuchita 'chomwe chimapangitsa kuti achitepo kanthu' pabwalo lina, ayenera 'kuzenga[e] ... nkhani ya mkangano' ... pa mkangano wa Wodandaulayo ndi mlandu wotengera malamulo a bungwe…Woyimbidwa mlandu adalephera kuwonetsa zofunikira…kuti St. Pazifukwa izi zokha, Khotilo lingakane zonenazi…Kuphatikiza apo, kaya wokhala ku New York atha kukhala ndi mlandu ku kampani yaku America yomwe imachita bizinesi ku New York malinga ndi malingaliro abungwe ndizosangalatsa nzika zaku New York”. Pempho la woimbidwa mlandu kuti achotse pazifukwa za forum non conveniens akutsutsidwa.

Case 5

Mu Guezou v. American University of Beirut, Khotilo linanena kuti wotsutsayo anali nzika ya France ndipo ali ku Lebanon pamphepete mwa nyanja yomwe ili ndi kusungidwa ndi wotsutsayo adakhala pampando wosweka, akumva kumbuyo ndikuvulala. Analandira chithandizo ku Lebanon ndi France. "Wotsutsa ndi yunivesite yophatikizidwa pansi pa malamulo a New York (yomwe ili ndi) maofesi oyang'anira ku New York ngakhale kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa, masukulu ake ndi malo ake ali ku Lebanon". Wotsutsa amasuntha kuti amuchotse pazifukwa za forum non conveniens.

Cholinga Chochotsa Kwaperekedwa

"[T[pali kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa mlanduwu ndi New York, makamaka pamene Lebanon ndi malo a ngoziyo komanso malo omwe angakhale mboni zina kupatulapo madokotala ndi wodandaula, onse omwe amakhala ku France ... kusonyeza kuti kuweruza ku Lebanon sikungakomere chilungamo…Popeza kuti mfundo izi 'zikukomera wozengedwa mlandu' komanso pofuna chilungamo chachikulu, Lebanon ndi malo abwinoko".

Wolemba, Thomas A. Dickerson, ndi Associate Justice wa Appellate Division, Dipatimenti Yachiwiri ya Khothi Lalikulu ku New York State ndipo wakhala akulemba za Travel Law kwa zaka 42 kuphatikiza mabuku ake azamalamulo omwe amasinthidwa pachaka, Travel Law, Law Journal Press (2018), Litigating International Torts ku US Courts, Thomson Reuters WestLaw (2018), Class Actions: The Law of 50 States, Law Journal Press (2018) ndi nkhani zopitilira 500 zamilandu zambiri zomwe zimapezeka ku nycourts.gov/courts/ 9jd / taxcertatd.shtml. Kuti mudziwe zambiri pazamalamulo apaulendo komanso zomwe zikuchitika, makamaka m'maiko mamembala a EU onani IFTTA.org

Nkhaniyi mwina singatengeredwe popanda chilolezo cha a Thomas A. Dickerson.

Werengani zambiri za Zolemba za Justice Dickerson apa.