M’buku la Deuteronomo, chipatso cha mpesa chandandalikidwa kukhala umodzi mwa mitundu isanu ndi iŵiri yodalitsika ya zipatso zopezeka m’dziko la Israyeli.

Malinga ndi buku la Numeri, Mose anatumiza azondi kuti akaone Dziko Lolonjezedwa. Anabwerera ndi matsango a mphesa aakulu kwambiri moti anangolenjekeka pamtengo n’kunyamulidwa ndi amuna awiri. Masiku ano, Carmel Winery ndi Boma la Israeli amagwiritsa ntchito chithunzichi ngati logo yawo. Mphesazo zinasankhidwa kusonyeza kuti dzikolo linali kuyenda mkaka ndi uchi; mipesa links limodzi la madalitso Dziko Lolonjezedwa - lonjezo kwa ana a Israeli.

Kenako panabwera Mfumu Davide (3000 BCE, pafupifupi) yemwe akuti anali ndi mosungiramo vinyo wambiri ndi wogwira ntchito kuti azisankha vinyo pazakudya zake (woyamba padziko lapansi?). Kupanga vinyo kunayimitsidwa mu 600 BCE ndi kuwukira kwachisilamu ndipo minda yamphesa ya Israeli idawonongedwa. Amonke omwe amakhala m'nyumba za amonke ndi madera achiyuda omwe amachita miyambo yachipembedzo amaloledwa kuphatikiza vinyo pazifukwa za sakaramenti - koma - palibe china.

Vinyo wochokera ku Israeli idatumizidwa ku Roma m'nthawi ya Aroma ndipo bizinesiyo idatsitsimutsidwa kwakanthawi mkati mwa Ankhondo a Mtanda (1100-1300). Ngakhale kuti vinyo anayambiranso mwachidule, kuwukiridwa ndi kulamulira kwa Ufumu wa Ottoman (1517-1917) kunayimitsa kupanga vinyo mu Israeli kwa zaka 400. Sizinali kufikira zaka za zana la 19 (1848) pamene malo opangira mphesa anatsegulidwa mu Israyeli ndi Yitzhak Shor; mwatsoka, vinyo ankangogwiritsidwa ntchito pa zolinga zachipembedzo. Pomaliza, Baron Edmond James de Rothschild wobadwa ku France adazindikira mwayi wopanga vinyo ku Israel ndipo zina zonse ndi mbiri.

Rothschilds amadziwa za vinyo - ili ndi banja la Bordeaux, France, Château Lafite Rothschild. Ndalama zawo zokwana madola mabiliyoni ambiri (kuyambira mu 1877) zinaphatikizapo minda ya mpesa komanso mwayi wophunzira kuti anthu azitha kuphunzira kupanga vinyo wabwino m’dzikoli. Chilimbikitso ndi chithandizo cha banja la Rothschild chinayambitsa bizinesi ya vinyo ya Israeli ndipo Carmel Wine Company inayamba mu 1895, kugulitsa vinyo wa Rishon LeZion ndi Zichron Ya'akov, kukhazikitsa vinyo wamakono wa Israeli.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, Israeli ankangoyang'ana pa ufulu (mu May 1948, Israeli adalengeza dziko lodziimira palokha) ndipo kupanga vinyo kunayimitsidwa. Pomaliza, m’ma 1970, chinayambikanso ndipo njira zamakono zopangira vinyo zinayambika kupanga vinyo kuti asangalale osati chabe chakumwa choledzeretsa pazifuno zachipembedzo. M'zaka za m'ma 1980 akatswiri aku California adabweretsedwa ku Israel kuti adziwitse njira zamakono zomwe zidakhudza bwino malo opangira mphesa komanso m'munda wamphesa. M'zaka za m'ma 2000s vinyo wa Israeli adakhala wopangidwa ndi terroir kupanga vinyo kuchokera kumunda umodzi wa mpesa komanso kuzindikira ndi kulekanitsa makhalidwe kuchokera kumadera omwe ali mkati mwa munda wamphesa.

Israel imakolola pafupifupi matani 60,000 a mphesa za vinyo ndipo imapanga mabotolo oposa 40 miliyoni a vinyo pachaka.

Makampani amathandiza 70+ wineries malonda ndi wineries khumi waukulu kulamulira pa 90 peresenti ya kupanga. Zogulitsa kunja ndi zamtengo wapatali $70+ miliyoni. Zoposa 55 peresenti yazogulitsa zimapita ku USA, pafupifupi 35 peresenti imatumizidwa ku Europe ndipo zotsalira zimatumizidwa ku Far East.

Makhalidwe a Israeli

Israel ndi Eastern Mediterranean Dziko loyandikana ndi Nyanja ya Mediterranean kumadzulo ndipo lazunguliridwa ndi Lebanoni, Syria, Yordano, ndi Egypt kumpoto, kumadzulo, ndi kumwera. Kuchuluka kwa nthaka ndi pafupifupi 7,992 sq. miles ndipo kumayenda makilomita 263 kuchokera kumpoto kupita kumwera, kuthandizira anthu a 8.5 miliyoni. M’mbali mwa mapiriwa muli phiri la Hermoni/Golan Heights, Mount Meron ku Upper Galileya, ndi Nyanja Yakufa, yomwe ili pansi kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kuphatikiza kwa dzuwa, mapiri, ndi madera amapiri kumakhala ndi dothi la miyala ya laimu, terra rossa (lofiira, dongo mpaka dothi la mchenga lokhala ndi pH yopanda ndale yokhala ndi mikhalidwe yabwino ya ngalande), ndi chiphala chamoto chopanga paradiso wopangira vinyo.

Gawo lachonde la dzikolo lili ndi nyengo ya ku Mediterranean yokhala ndi nyengo yotentha yotentha kwambiri komanso nyengo yamvula yochepa yozizirirapo ndipo chipale chofewa nthawi zina chimawoneka pamalo okwera, makamaka Golan Heights, Upper Galilee ndi Yudeya Hills. Chipululu cha Negev chimaposa theka la dzikolo ndipo pali madera ouma. Mphamvu yayikulu ya nyengo ndi Nyanja ya Mediterranean yokhala ndi mphepo, mvula, ndi chinyezi chochokera kumadzulo. Mvula m'nyengo yozizira imakhala yochepa kwambiri ndipo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mvula nthawi yakukula, kuthirira kwa drip feed ndikofunikira. Njira imeneyi idayambitsidwa ndi a Israeli kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960 ndipo tsopano ikugwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi.

Mu Munda Wamphesa

Minda yamphesa yambiri yobzalidwa zaka 25 zapitazi ikugwirizana ndi muyezo: 1.5 mita pakati pa mipesa ndi 3 metres pakati pa mizere. Kuchulukana kwamunda wamphesa ndi mipesa 2220 pa hekitala. Pali zokonda mawotchi kukolola kulola kukolola usiku kumalizidwa mu maola ochepa, pa nthawi akadakwanitsira, ndi kubweretsa kwa winerying mu kutentha ozizira m'mawa.

Kusamalira mphesa ndikofunika kwambiri m'dziko lotentha ndipo ndikofunikira kuchepetsa mphamvu za mpesa ndikuteteza mphesa kuti zisawonongeke kwambiri. Minda yamphesa yambiri ndi cordon spur yodulidwa pamalo owoneka bwino a VSP. Minda yamphesa ina yakale imabzalidwa m’mbali mwa minga, ndipo m’mapiri a ku Yudeya, minda ina ya mpesa imabzalidwa m’mipanda yamiyala. Minda yamphesa yakaleyo singafunikire kuthiriridwa chifukwa mizu ya mipesa yakumba pansi pamiyala kwa zaka zambiri ndi kulandira madzi ofunikira. Mipesa iyi imakololedwa pamanja.

Wine Renaissance

Pakali pano, Karimeli ndi winery yaikulu kwambiri mu Israeli, amalamulira pafupifupi 50 peresenti ya msika wamba, ndipo ndi kampani yachitatu yaikulu ya Israeli yamakampani ndi malonda (Dunn & Bradstreet, Israel), ndi malonda a $ 59.2 miliyoni ndi kukula kwapachaka kwa 5. peresenti +/-. Karimeli amapanga mabotolo pafupifupi 20 miliyoni pachaka; mpikisano wapafupi ndi Barkan-Segal winery.

Karimeli anali ndi chiyambi chodzichepetsa. Bungweli lidayamba mu 1895 ndikutumiza vinyo ku Poland, Austria, Great Britain, ndi US. Mu 1902, Carmel Mizrahi idakhazikitsidwa ku Palestine kugulitsa ndi kugawa vinyo kumizinda ya Ottoman Empire.

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19, vinyo wa Karimeli anali wabwino mokwanira kuti awonetsedwe pa International Exhibition of Berlin pabwalo loperekedwa ku mafakitale a chigawo cha Ayuda ku Palestine. Anthu zikwizikwi adayendera chiwonetserochi ndipo adamwa vinyo wa ku Carmel wa Rishon Le Zion. Chaka chimodzi pambuyo pake, chionetsero china chinachitika ku Hamburg komwe vinyo wa anthu othawa kwawo adalandiridwa bwino ndipo Rishon LeZion adapambana mendulo yagolide pa Chiwonetsero cha Padziko Lonse cha Paris (1900). Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 20, Karimeli inakulitsa ntchito yake ndi nthambi za ku Damasiko, Cairo, Beirut, Berlin, London, Warsaw, ndi Alexandra.

Malonda anawonjezeka pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse. Nkhondo itatha, malonda adatsika pamene makampani adataya msika waukulu ku Russia (mikangano yankhondo), ku US kunali chiyambi cha Kuletsa, ndipo ku Egypt ndi ku Middle East, kunali chiyambi cha dziko la Aarabu. Apanso, minda ya mpesa ya ku Israyeli inazulidwa ndi kubzalidwanso mitengo ya citrus.

Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse inayambitsa malonda a vinyo ndipo mafunde a anthu othawa kwawo anasintha khalidwe lawo lakumwa. Mu 1957, Baron Edmond de Rothschild adapereka ma wineries awiri ku Cooperative of Winegrowers, Société Cooperative Vigneronne des Grandes Caves, yodziwika bwino pansi pa dzina lamalonda la Carmel Mizrahi ku Israel ndi Carmel padziko lonse lapansi. Vinyo wotsekemera wokhala ndi cholinga chachipembedzo anali mankhwala a Nangula a Karimeli; komabe, ndi kutuluka kwa dziko latsopano mu kupanga winemaking, Israel winemakers anayamba kufunafuna mitundu yatsopano. Pofika 1971 Cabernet Sauvignon ndi Sauvignon Blanc anali abwino mokwanira kuti awonetsedwe pamsika wa US.

Tsoka ilo, zaka za m'ma 1980 zidatsikanso m'makampani opanga vinyo koma opanga vinyo adatha kuchira pofika pakati pazaka khumi chifukwa kufunikira kwa vinyo wabwino kumapangidwa komanso njira zopangira bwino zopangira vinyo zidaphatikizidwa ndi olima vinyo zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mavinyo aku Israeli akhale opikisana pa. dziko lonse lapansi.

Karimeli Mwini

Karimeli ndi ya Council of the Vine-growers Union (75 peresenti) ndi Jewish Agency for Israel (25 peresenti). Kampaniyo ndi Société Cooperative Vigneronne des Grandes Caves Richon Le Zion ndi Zikhron Ya'akov Ltd.

Malo oyamba a Carmel anali Rishon LeZion Winery, yomwe idamangidwa mu 1890 ndi Baron de Rothschild, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale nyumba yakale kwambiri yamafakitale ku Israel yomwe ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito. Ndilo bizinesi yoyamba kukhazikitsa magetsi ndi mafoni ndipo David Ben-Gurion (nduna yoyamba ya Israeli) anali wantchito.

Pankhani ya kupanga, ndiye malo opangira mphesa zazikulu kwambiri ku Israel (amapanga vinyo, mizimu, ndi madzi amphesa) komanso omwe amapanga vinyo wa kosher padziko lonse lapansi. Kampaniyo yapambana mamendulo ambiri kuposa wopanga wina aliyense waku Israeli.

Carmel Winery ili ndi minda yamphesa yambiri ku Israeli ndipo ikuphatikiza ena mwamalo abwino kwambiri amphesa mdzikolo. Pafupifupi matani 25,000 a mphesa akolola Karimeli, pafupifupi 50 peresenti ya zokolola zonse za Israyeli. Madera omwe amalimako vinyo amaonedwa kuti ndi abwino kwambiri chifukwa cha mtunda wautali komanso nyengo yozizira.

Karimeli. Kulawa kwa Israeli

Karimeli. 2020 Chiwonetsero. Cabernet Sauvignon, Upper Galileya. Dry Wine Wofiira. Kosher wa Paskha, Mevushal. Kuwonjezera nayonso mphamvu ndi zikopa; wokalamba mu migolo ya oak yaku France kwa miyezi 12. Vinyoyo samalipira chindapusa ndipo amasefedwa mwankhanza asanalowe m'botolo; matope achilengedwe amatha kuwoneka panthawi yakukhwima kwa botolo.

Mawu akuti kosher amatanthauza "woyera." Misika yomwe akuyembekezeka ikuphatikiza Ayuda achi Orthodox omwe amatsatira malamulo a Zakudya za Chiyuda. Vinyo wa kosher amatha kukhala apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi, kulandira zambiri ndikupambana mphotho zapadziko lonse lapansi. Vinyo amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwezo monga vinyo wopanda kosher. Pankhani ya khalidwe, dzina la kosher ndilopanda ntchito.

Galileya ndi dera loyang'anira komanso la vinyo kumpoto kwa Israeli. “Madzi kukhala vinyo” ndi mutu wankhani wa derali wozikidwa pa mbiri ya ukwati wa ku Kana, kumene Yesu anasandutsa madzi kukhala vinyo. Mitundu ya dothi imaphatikizapo miyala yopanda madzi, miyala ya miyala ya laimu ndi mchere wochuluka wa volcanic basalt. Derali limadziwika ndi malo okwera amiyala opitilira 450 metres (1500 mapazi). Kukwera kozizira komanso kugwa kwamvula kwambiri m'derali kumapangitsa mphesa kukhalabe ndi acidity yake ndikupanga vinyo watsopano komanso wopatsa chidwi.

zolemba

Chofiirira kwambiri m'maso ndi malingaliro a blueberries atsopano amakondweretsa mphuno, pamodzi ndi casis. Vinyoyo amapereka zipatso zakupsa, zolemera komanso kukoma kwambiri (ganizirani za Australian Shiraz, Chateauneuf-du-Pape) m'kamwa chifukwa cha malangizo a tsabola, zonunkhira, rasipiberi, chitumbuwa chatsopano, plums ndi zikopa. Zokoma kukamwa pa zokambirana zazikulu kapena kuphatikiza ndi nyama, ndi pasitala wa msuzi wa nyama.