Munkhani yamalamulo apaulendo, tawunika mlandu wa a Horne v. Carnival Corporation, No. 17-15803 (11th Cir. June 29, 2018) pomwe Khothi lidazindikira kuti "Atapita kokasangalala, Horne ndi mkazi wake Julie anali Sitima yapamadzi yokopa chidwi ndikupita kukatenga zithunzi za kulowa kwa dzuwa panja lakunja. Linali tsiku la mphepo yamphamvu, ndipo atafuna kuchoka panja panja awiriwo amayenera kudutsa chitseko cholemera chachitsulo. Chikwangwani chochenjeza pakhomo chimati 'CHENJEZO-YANG'ANANI CHITSANZO CHANU CHOPITIRA KWAMBIRI'. Panalibe chenjezo lina. Julie anatsegula chitseko, koma anali ndi vuto, choncho Horne adagwira chitseko m'mphepete mwake ndikutsegula. A Horne atangolowa pakhomo, adayamba kutulutsa. Chitseko chinatsekedwa pomwe Horne amatulutsa, kutseka asanamasule dzanja lake ndikudula chala choyamba cha dzanja lawo lamanja pamalo olumikizira. Horne adatsutsana ndi Carnival, ponena kuti adalephera kuchenjeza za kuwopsa komanso kusasamala kwa chitseko. Khothi lachigawo lidapereka chigamulo mwachidule kwa Carnival, powona kuti Carnival ilibe ntchito yochenjeza chifukwa kunalibe umboni kuti Carnival anali akudziwikiratu, zenizeni kapena zowumitsa, za kuwopsa kwake komanso chifukwa chowopsa chinali chotseguka komanso chowonekera ... Khothi lachigawo lalandire chidule chiweruzo chimatsimikizika pang'ono ndikusinthidwa mwanjira ina ndikubwezeretsedwa ".

Pankhani ya Horne Khotilo lidati "Chifukwa chakuti kuvulala kudachitika m'madzi oyenda panyanja, malamulo oyang'anira boma akugwira ntchito pamlanduwu. Pofuna kutsimikizira kuti anali kunyalanyaza, Horne ayenera kuwonetsa kuti Carnival anali ndi udindo wosamalira, anaphwanya ntchitoyi ndipo kuphwanya ndiye komwe kunayambitsa kuvulala kwa Horne. '[A ]ulendo wapamtunda umapatsa okwerawo udindo wochenjeza za zoopsa zomwe zimadziwika'…. Komabe, kuti mukhale ndi udindo wochenjeza za ngozi, oyendetsa sitimayo ayenera kukhala ndi 'chidziwitso chenicheni kapena chodzitchinjiriza chachitetezo' ... Komanso, palibe ntchito yochenjeza za zoopsa komanso zowonekera ''.

Chidziwitso Cha Mkhalidwe Wowopsa

“{I] n this case, pali umboni woti oyendetsa maulendowa nthawi zina amaika zikwangwani pakhomo la sitimayo pakakhala mphepo yamphamvu. Zizindikirozi zimati 'chenjezo, mphepo yamphamvu'. Panalibe chizindikiro chotere patsikuli. Poyerekeza ndi Horne, umboni woti Carnival, m'mbuyomu, adalemba zikwangwani zowachenjeza za mphepo yamphamvu imabweretsa vuto ngati Carnival idazindikira zenizeni kapena zowopsa za mkhalidwe woopsawo ".

Tsegulani & Zowopsa Zowonekera

"Pofuna kudziwa ngati chiwopsezo ndichachidziwikire komanso chodziwikiratu, timayang'ana pa 'zomwe munthu wanzeru angawone ndikuchita [] osaganizira malingaliro a wodandaula". Horne akuti zowopsa si mphepo, kapena khomo lolemera, koma chiwopsezo choti mphepo imatha kuchititsa kuti chitseko chikhale cholimba komanso mwachangu kwambiri mpaka chimadula chala chake. Horne akuti izi sizowonekera kapena zowonekeratu kwa munthu wololera. Horne akuti ngakhale adadziwa kuti chitseko chinali cholemera, komanso kunali chimphepo, analibe chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti chitseko chitha kutseka kwambiri komanso mwachangu mpaka chimadula chala chake ”.

Udindo Wochenjeza Kudzinenera

"Ananenanso kuti analibe njira yodziwira kuti chitseko chitha kutsekedwa mwachangu, ngakhale amayesetsa, sanathe kuchotsa dzanja lake munthawi yake. Kutengera ndi umboniwu, woyang'aniridwa ndi Horne, tikuganiza kuti woweruza milandu wanzeru angawone kuti ngoziyi sinali yotseguka komanso yowonekera. Chifukwa chake, tikubwerera m'mbuyo pantchito yathu yochenjeza anthu ".

Kulephera Kusunga Chuma

"Umboni wa katswiri wa Horne kuti chitseko chinali choopsa ndichofunikira ngati Horne atha kuwonetsa kuti Carnival adazindikira zenizeni za izi. Umboni wokhawo Horne akuwonetsa kuti Carnival anali ndi chidziwitso chenicheni kapena chokhoza kuti chitseko chinali chowopsa panali malamulo awiri ogwira ntchito omwe adalowetsedwa, kenako kutsekedwa, kuti akonze pakhomo. Wodandaula samapereka umboni kuti izi sizinachitike; M'malo mwake, woimira kampani ya Carnival adatsimikiza kuti 'kutseka' lamulo lantchito kumawonetsa kuti zokonzedwazo zatsirizidwa. Chifukwa chake, kulamula kumeneku sikukupereka umboni woti Carnival adazindikira kuti chitseko chimakhalabe chowopsa panthawi yomwe zimachitika…. Chifukwa chake, khothi lachigawo silinachite cholakwika polephera kusunga zomwe akufuna ”.

Kutsiliza

"Pazifukwa zomwe tafotokozazi, tikutsimikizira chigamulo cha khothi lachigawo pankhani yolephera kubweza zomwe tikunenazi, koma tikubwezera kumbuyo udindo woti tichenjeze".

Patricia ndi Tom Dickerson

Wolemba, Thomas A. Dickerson, adamwalira pa Julayi 26, 2018 ali ndi zaka 74. Kudzera mchisomo cha banja lake, eTurboNews akuloledwa kugawana zolemba zake zomwe tili nazo pa fayilo zomwe adatitumizira kuti tizisindikiza sabata iliyonse mtsogolo.

A Hon. Dickerson adapuma pantchito ngati Associate Justice wa Appellate Division, Dipatimenti Yachiwiri ya Khothi Lalikulu ku New York State ndipo adalemba za Travel Law kwa zaka 42 kuphatikiza mabuku ake azamalamulo omwe amasinthidwa chaka chilichonse, Travel Law, Law Journal Press (2018), Litigating International Torts in Khothi ku US, Thomson Reuters WestLaw (2018), Class Actions: The Law of 50 States, Law Journal Press (2018), ndi zolemba zoposa 500 zamalamulo zambiri zomwe zili alipo pano. Pazowonjezera zamalamulo apaulendo ndi zomwe zikuchitika, makamaka m'maiko mamembala a EU, Dinani apa.

Werengani zambiri za Zolemba za Justice Dickerson apa.

Nkhaniyi mwina singatengeredwe popanda chilolezo.

ZOMWE MUNGACHITE PA NKHANIYI:

The district court granted summary judgment to Carnival, finding that Carnival had no duty to warn because there was no evidence that Carnival was on notice, actual or constrictive, of the dangerous condition and because the danger was open and obvious…The district court's grant of summary judgment is affirmed in part and reversed in part and remanded”.
Horne argues that the relevant danger is not the wind, or the heavy door, but rather the risk that the wind would cause the door to slam so hard and so fast that it would chop off his finger.
Viewed in the light most favorable to Horne, the evidence that Carnival, in the past, put up signs warning of strong winds creates a genuine issue of fact as to whether Carnival had actual or constructive notice of the hazardous condition”.