Wokwera ndege akuvulala ndi kugwa kwa katundu kuchokera pamutu wapamwamba

In this week’s article we examine the case of Lee v. Air Canada, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3458 (S.D.N.Y. 2017) in which a passenger on an international flight between the United States and Canada “was sitting in her assigned aisle seat when she was struck on the head by the carry-on roller bag of another passenger (Mr. X who had) lifted his bag to place it in the overhead bin (when) he was ‘bumped’ or ‘struck’ on his leg by a passenger…who was ‘passing down the aisle’ (causing Mr. X to lose his balance and drop his bag)”. Because this flight was an international flight the rights and remedies of Ms. Lee are governed by the Montreal Convention, the successor to the Warsaw Convention [see Dickerson, Travel Law at Chapter 2A].

Zowonjezera Zazigawenga

Stockholm, Sweden

In Anderson & Sorensen, Stockholm Truck Attack Kills 4; Terrorism Is Suspected, nytimes.com (4/7/2017) it was noted that “A man drove a stolen beer truck into a crowd of people in a popular shopping district in Stockholm on Friday afternoon and then rammed it into a department store, killing four people and injuring 15 others in an attack that unleashed bloodshed and panic on the streets of another European capital. ‘Sweden has been attacked’, Prime Minister Stefan Lofven said in a televised news conference.’This indicates that it is an act of terror’”.

Petersburg, Russia

In Nechepurenko & MacFarquhar, Explosion in St. Petersburg, Russia, Kills 11 as Vladimir Putin Visits, nytimes.com (4/3/2017)(“The train had just entered a tunnel between stations, on it way out of a sprawling hub, when the bomb exploded. The homemade device, filled with shrapnel, tore through a third car. It killed 11 people; wounded more than 40, including children, and spread bloody mayhem as the train limped into the Technology Institute station with smoke filling the air…’What a nightmare’ somebody yelled amid piercing screams”.

Museum of Ice Cream

In Museum of Ice Cream announces its opening in Los Angeles, etn.travel (3/28/2017) it was noted that “Museum of Ice Cream opens its doors to the West Coast this April claiming sunny Los Angeles as its highly anticipated second locations…Museum of Ice Cream captivated a global audience with its unprecedented 2016 launch in New York City, selling out in five days and attracting a waitlist of 200,000…Interactive highlights include a ‘banana split’ comprised of en thousand ‘bananas’, a mint ‘grow house’, a room dedicated to California, a melted popsicle jungle and more, The iconic swimmable sprinkle pool filled with one hundred million sprinkles”. Enjoy.

Ana Ayenera Kulipidwa

Ku Paris, Makanda akuyeneranso kulipidwa chipukuta misozi, khothi lipeza kuti, msn.com (4/6/2017) zidadziwika kuti "Ndege ya Ryanair itachedwa ndi maola asanu ndi anayi, ndegeyo idavomera kupereka chiphaso kwa m'modzi mwa amuna akulu okwera koma anakana kulipira ndalama zofanana ndi mwana wake wamkazi wa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, yemwe adakhala pamiyendo yake paulendo wapaulendo. Ndege yabizinesiyo idati sayenera kulipira chindapusa kwa ana omwe alibe malo okhala komanso omwe angolipidwa chindapusa cha (E20). Anatinso kuti kamtsikana sikakanatha kuvutika ndi zovuta chifukwa chazaka zake zazing'ono. Koma woweruza ku Liverpool County Court sanagwirizane nanena kuti mwanayo anali wonyamula chifukwa cha malamulowo. Ryanair yatchula chigamulochi kuti 'daft' ndipo ikulamula maloya ake kuti achite apilo nthawi yomweyo ”.

Chokani Kutali ndi Columbia, Chonde

Chiwerengero cha omwalira chifukwa cha matope aku Columbia chakwera kufika ku 254, travelwirenews.com (4/2/2017) zidadziwika kuti "Ozunzidwa adakumba zidutswa zofunafuna okondedwa ndikuyesera kupulumutsa katundu womaliza wotsala Loweruka (Epulo 1) pambuyo pa matope zithunzi mumzinda wa Colombian ku Mocoa, Dipatimenti ya Putumayo, zidapha anthu 254 ndikuvulaza mazana enanso ”.

Ku Casey, 'Matupi Akuwonongeka' Mudslide ku Columbia, nytimes.com (4/3/2017) zidadziwika kuti "Matupiwo anali kuwunjikana Lolemba m'mawa ku Mocoa, mzinda waku Colombiya komwe matope ndi zinyalala zosatheka m'malo kuti muwone kuti aliyense adakhalako. Ogwira ntchito yopulumutsa adapitilizabe kufunafuna zinyalala za anthu akufa. Ndipo abale awo… adachonderera matupi a okondedwa awo kuti awaike m'manda moyenera ”.

Chitukuko cha China Tourism

Mumzinda waku Italiya kusaina mgwirizano ndi sukulu yaku China yokopa alendo, travelwirenews.Com (3/29/2017) zidadziwika kuti "China Tourism Academy idasaina mgwirizano ndi mzinda waku Bologna ku Italy ku Beijing Lachitatu kuti ichite kafukufuku wazikhalidwe zaku China Matteo Lepore, wachiwiri kwa meya wa Bologna, adati mzindawu, ndi mbiri yakale, chikhalidwe chawo komanso chakudya chokoma, ndi malo opindulitsa alendo aku China. Ili ndi yunivesite yakale kwambiri ku Europe, yomwe pano ili ndi ophunzira pafupifupi 1,000 ochokera ku China ”.

Penn Station Rail Delays

In Fitzsimmons, At Penn Station, Rail Mishap Spurs Large and Lasting Headache, nytimes.com (4/4/2017) it was noted that “It was a minor mishap-several cars on a slow-moving New Jersey Transit train jumped the tracks on Monday morning at Pennsylvania Station in New York. But by the next day, it has cascaded into a transportation crisis, snarling travel up and down the East Coast, upending the lives of hundreds of thousands of people and vividly illustrating the fragile state of infrastructure in the nation’s busiest transit corridor”.

Njovu Zimapumulako Pang'ono

In Gettleman, Elephants Get a Reprieve as Price of Ivory Falls, nytimes.com (3/29/2017) it was noted that “Finally, thee’s some news for elephants. The price of ivory in China, the world’s largest market for elephant tusks, has fallen sharply, which may spell a reprieve from the intense poaching of the past decade. According to a report released on Wednesday by Save the Elephants, a respected wildlife group in Kenya, the price of ivory is less than half what it was just three years ago, showing tat demand is plummeting. Tougher economic times, a sustained advocacy campaign and China’s apparent commitment to shutting down its domestic ivory trade this year were the drivers of the change, elephant experts said”.

Magalimoto Oyendetsa Uber Omwe Akuyendetsa

Ku Isaac, Uber Ayimitsa Kuyesa Kwa Magalimoto Oziyendetsa Pambuyo pa Arizona Crash, nytimes.com (3/25/2017) zidadziwika kuti "Uber adati Loweruka kuti ikuyimitsa kuyesa kwa magalimoto awo omwe amayendetsa okha, tsiku lotsatira Imodzi mwagalimotozi idachita ngozi ku Tempe, Ariz. Galimoto ya Uber, yomwe idali ndi munthu pampando woyendetsa koma imadziyendetsa yokha, sinalakwitse pangoziyo, malinga ndi ... Mneneri wa department ya Tempe . Galimoto yothandiza ya Uber Volvo XC90 idagunda pomwe dalaivala wa galimoto ina adalephera kupereka ... Kuomberaku kunapangitsa kuti galimoto ya Uber idutse mbali yake ”.

Ndani Anabera Teknoloji ya Waymo?

Ku Wakabayashi & Isaac, Uber Akukana Kuti Akugwiritsa Ntchito Waymo Technology, nytimes.com (4/7/2017) zidadziwika kuti "Uber idakana zomwe Waymo, kampani yoyendetsa galimoto yomwe idayendetsa kampani ya Google chaka chatha, kuti ikugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wamagalimoto osayendetsa omwe abedwa ndi omwe kale anali wogwira ntchito ku Google. Khothi ku federal litumiza Lachisanu, Uber adati idayamba kupanga chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pagalimoto yake yoyimilira isanalembedwe ntchito a Anthony Levandokski, mtsogoleri wa Uber wamagalimoto oyendetsa okha omwe achoka ku Google ndiye pachimake pamilandu yazamalonda pakati pa makampani awiriwa " .

Tsalani bwino ku Denmark

In Farvel, Uber is getting out of Denmark, https://qz.com (3/28/2017) it was noted that “Sometimes Uber can be a sore loser. The ride-hailing company on Tuesday (March 28) said it will stop providing service in Denmark as of Aril 18, citing ‘unworkable’ changes to local taxi rules. Those changes, scheduled to take affect next year, cap new taxi driver licenses at 125 per quarter. They also require all cars to have fare meters, and restrict the types of cars that can be used for taxi-like purposes…the company has 2,000 Danish drivers and 300,000 Danish riders…In a handful of European countries-Sweden, France and Germany-Uber previously halted service of UberPop, which is comparable to UberX in the U.S. It pulled out of Taiwan earlier this year after racking up about $10 million in fines…In London, a lawyer recently took the first step to sue Uber and demand that the company pay the UK’s 20% value added tax on every ride. In Spain, Uber has sparked vehement protests”.

Nkhondo ya Kosher Pizza ku Brooklyn

Ku Kilgannon, Mu Nkhondo ya Kosher Pizza ku Brooklyn, Zamakono Zamakono Battle Ancient Law, nytimes.com (3/28/2017) zidadziwika kuti "Mumzinda wonga pizza wofanana ndi New York, nkhondo za pizza zimayambika pafupipafupi, kuyambira pa dollar magulu omenyera makasitomala ku Manhattan kupita ku mkangano wojambulidwa ndi Mafia wokhudza chiphaso chakubedwa msuzi pakati pa shopu ya pizza ku Brooklyn ndi china ku Staten Island. Koma mwina palibe chomwe chingafanane ndi nkhondo ya pizza yosavomerezeka, yolimbana ndi chakudya cham'zaka za zana la 21 motsutsana ndi dziko lodana nawo la m'zaka za zana la 19 lokhala mozungulira la Hasidic. Eni malo odyera pizza, onse achiyuda achi Orthodox, atsekeredwa m'khothi lokhalo ku Brooklyn, osati m'bwalo lamilandu la Ogasiti, koma mu holo yosawoneka bwino yotchedwa Rabbinical Court ya Borough Park, yomwe imaweruza milandu mchipinda chosavuta pamwamba pa sunagoge pamalo okhalamo. Pakatikati pa nkhondoyi kulibe mitengo kapena maphikidwe a msuzi, koma matanthauzidwe achinsinsi amalamulo oyera omwe adakhazikitsidwa m'Chiaramu chakale zaka zikwi zapitazo. Magulu onsewa apanga malamulo olamulidwa ndi Torah ndi Talmud, komanso buku lophika lotanthauzira malamulo osakondera komanso miyezo yazovomerezeka ”.

Mafoni aku India Romeos

In Barry, India’s ‘Phone Romeos’ Look for Ms. Right via Wrong Numbers, nytimes.com (3/22/2017) it was noted that “In a glass-sided call center, police constables clicketyclack on computer keyboards, on the trail of particularly Indian sort of criminal. The ‘phone Romeo’ as he is known here, calls numbers at random until he hears a woman’s voice, in the hope of striking up a romantic attachment. Among them are overeager suitors (‘Can I recharge your mobile?’), tremulous supplicants (‘I am talking to you, madam, but my body is shaking’) and the occasional heavy breather (‘I want to do the illegal things with you’). Intentionally dialing wrong numbers is a labor-intensive way to find a girlfriend. But it is increasingly common in a range of countries-Morocco, Papua New Guinea, Bangladesh and India are examples-where traditional gender segregation has collided head-on with a wave of cheap new technology. India is justly proud of its mobile-phone revolution. Call tariffs are among the world’s lowest, and competition has sent the price of broadband plummeting. An estimated 680 million Indians use cellphones, with three million new ones coming online every month”.

Pakatikati mwa Amazon

Ku Romero, mkati mwa Amazon ndi Gombe Lodabwitsa (ndi Ant-Eating) Zochitika, nytimes.com (3/20/2017) zidadziwika kuti Alter Do Chao, Brazil-Ngakhale ili kutali kwambiri ndi nyanja kutali ngodya ya nkhalango ya Amazon, Alter do Chao iyenera kukhala pakati pamatawuni okopa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Magombe amchenga woyera pafupi ndi Mtsinje wa Tapajos amakopa alendo omwe amayenda pagalimoto kuchokera ku Cuiaba, mzinda womwe uli pamtunda womwe uli pamtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 1,000 kumwera. Madzi omveka bwino, ofunda amakopa anthu ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso akatswiri okwerera. Ndili paulendo wopereka lipoti chaka chino ku Amazon Basin, ndidathawira ku Alter do Chao kwa masiku angapo nditamva nkhani zokongola zake. M'dziko lomwe lili ndi magombe opitilira 4,600, ndimadandaula ngati gombe lina labwino kwambiri ku Brazil lingakhale pakati penipeni pa nkhalango yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. 'Ngati mukufuna kudziwa Alter weniweni, muyenera kudya nyerere', Pito, wazaka 55, Mmwenye wa ku Cumaruara yemwe amatsogolera alendo panjira yodutsa m'nkhalangoyi adandifotokozera. Adandula nyerere ya sauva kunkhalango ndikundilimba mtima kuti ndiyidye. Chotupitsa ngati popcorn, chinali chokoma, ndi malingaliro a mandimu ".

Travel Law Article: The Lee Case

Monga ananenera Khothi "Wodandaula Lisa Lee asumira womenyera ufulu Air Canada, akufuna kuwonongedwa chifukwa chovulala zomwe akuti adalandila mundege yoyendetsedwa ndi wotsutsa. Lee akuti adavulala chidutswa cha chikwama chomwe mnzake wokwera anali kuyesera kuti achiike m'chipinda cham'mwamba pamwamba pa mpando wa wodandaula ndikumumenya pamutu. Mlanduwu umayendetsedwa ndi Msonkhano wa Montreal, womwe umapatsa mwayi okwera ndege kuti abwezeretse ndalama zawo chifukwa chovulala zomwe zikuchitika mmaulendo apandege. Wotsutsa (akufuna chigamulo chachidule chotsutsa dandauloli) pachifukwa choti zomwe zidapangitsa kuti Lee avulazidwe sizinali 'ngozi' malinga ndi Msonkhano wa Montreal… (ndipo akufuna kuchepetsa) udindo wake malinga ndi Article 21 ya Montreal Msonkhano (mpaka) 113,100 SDRs (pafupifupi $ 150,000) ”.

Njira Zokwera

"Pomwe zimachitika, oyendetsa ndege aku Air Canada anali 'atayikidwa m'nyumbayo' ndipo 'anali kuchita ntchito zomwe apatsidwa kuphatikiza' kupereka moni kwa okwera, kuwongolera opita kumalo awo omwe amawapatsa ndikuyang'anira nyumbayo kuti akhale otetezeka '. Palibe umboni kuti oyendetsa ndege alengeza kapena chenjezo lokhudza kuyenda kwa anthu panthawi yokwera. Woyang'anira ndege wina ku Air Canada… adawona chikwama (cha Mr. X) chikugwa koma 'sakanatha kuteteza chikwamacho kuti chisakanthe [Lee] chifukwa anali patadutsa mizere isanu ndi isanu ndi itatu ndipo' munali anthu ena munjiramo '”.

Malamulo Otsatidwa

“Zipani sizikutsutsa kuti thumba (la Mr. X) linali logwirizana kotheratu ndi katundu wa Air Canada; kuti ngakhale malamulo aboma osatsata malamulo a Air Canada amafuna kuti wogwira ntchito mnyumba yamatabwa athandizire (Mr. X) kuyika chikwama chake m'sitimayo ... ndikuti kuchuluka ndi oyimilira oyendetsa ndegeyo akukhudzana ndi malamulo aboma ".

Msonkhano wa Montreal

The Montreal Convention superceded the Warsaw Convention which was negotiated “and enacted in the first half of the twentieth century (with) its ‘cardinal purpose” was to ‘achiev[e] uniformity of rules governing claims arising from international air transportation’…Since the Warsaw Convention was drafted while the airline industry was in its infancy, it sought to ‘limit the liability of air carriers in order to foster the growth’ of that industry…Toward the end of the twentieth century, the state parties to the Warsaw Convention negotiated a treaty-the Montreal Convention-to replace the Warsaw Convention and its associated ‘hodgepodge of supplementary amendments and intercarrier agreements’…Unlike its predecessor, this new treat clearly ‘favor[ed] passengers rather the airlines’.It eliminated the Warsaw system’s ‘arbitrary caps’ on air carrier liability and held carriers ‘strictly liable for the first 100,000 (Special Drawing Rights (‘SDRs)] of proven damages for each passenger”.

Nkhani 17: Ngozi

"Ngakhale panali kusiyana pakati pazolinga zawo zazikulu, Msonkhano wa Montreal udasungabe zinthu zingapo zomwe zidapezeka ku Warsaw Convention (kuphatikiza Article 17 yomwe imanena kuti) Wonyamulirayo ndiye woyenera kuwonongeka ngati atamwalira kapena kuvulaza thupi kwa wokwera pa pokhapokha ngozi yomwe idapangitsa kuti munthuyo afe kapena kuvulala idayenda mokwera ndege kapena pakuyenda kapena kutsika ".

Kutanthauzira "Ngozi"

“Although the Montreal Agreement and Warsaw Convention allow for an injured passenger to recover damages from an air carrier only in the event of an ‘accident’, neither treaty defines the term. The United States Supreme Court filled this void in a 1985 case, Air France v. Saks, 470 U.S. 392, 405 (1985) by declaring clearly and unanimously that an ‘accident’ arises ‘only if a passenger’s injury is caused by an unexpected or unusual event or happening that is external to the passenger’. The Saks court directed the inferior courts to apply its definition both ‘flexibly’ as well as ‘broadly’…Nonetheless, the broad definition crafted by the Supreme Court does not mean tat every injury that occurs on an airplane is the result of an ‘accident’”.

Mlanduwu Usanthulidwe

“Courts have consistently found that items falling from overhead compartments are both ‘unexpected and unusual’ and ‘external’ to the unfortunate passengers upon whom the items land (citing Maxwell v,. Aer Lingus Ltd., 122 F. Supp. 2d 210 (D. Mass. 2000); Smith v. American Airlines, Inc., 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 94013 (N.D. Cal.2009 (‘The bottle falling from above was both ‘unexpected and unusual’, it was an event that was ‘external’ to plaintiffs body and it caused plaintiff bodily harm. Thus the requirements of Saks…are satisfied’)…Because another passenger’s bag falling onto an unsuspecting passenger’s head was an unexpected or unusual event that was external to her—this Court finds that the circumstances in this case constitute an ’accident’ pursuant to Article 17 of the Montreal Convention”.

Zowonongeka Limited

“Pursuant to Article 21 of the Montreal Convention, an airline is not liable for damages exceeding 100,000 SDRs if the carrier proves that ‘such damage was not due to the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of the carrier or its servants or agents’…Today the cap on an airline’s ‘strict liability’ is actually 113,100 SDRs…because of inflation…Having considered the evidence…the Court finds that Air Canada has shown that asa matter of law it exercised reasonable case (and) has established that it was not negligent as matter o (and hence) its liability is limited to 113,100 SDRs of provable damages”.

Wolemba, Thomas A. Dickerson, ndi Associate Justice wa Appellate Division, Dipatimenti Yachiwiri ya Khothi Lalikulu ku New York State ndipo wakhala akulemba za Travel Law kwa zaka 41 kuphatikiza mabuku ake azamalamulo omwe amasinthidwa pachaka, Travel Law, Law Journal Press (2016), Litigating International Torts ku US Courts, Thomson Reuters WestLaw (2016), Class Actions: The Law of 50 States, Law Journal Press (2016) ndi nkhani zopitilira 400 zamilandu zambiri zomwe zimapezeka ku nycourts.gov/courts/ 9jd / taxcertatd.shtml. Kuti mudziwe zambiri pazamalamulo apaulendo komanso zomwe zikuchitika, makamaka m'maiko mamembala a EU onani IFTTA.org

Nkhaniyi mwina singatengeredwe popanda chilolezo cha a Thomas A. Dickerson.

Werengani zambiri za Zolemba za Justice Dickerson apa.