Chitukuko chakale cha Amazon chidavumbulutsidwa ndi nkhalango yomwe idadulidwa

Zizindikiro za chimene chikanakhala chitukuko chosadziŵika kale chikutuluka pansi pa mitengo yodulidwa ya Amazon. M'dera lina lomwe lili m'malire a dziko la Brazil ndi dziko la Bolivia, mwaona tinjira tokwana 260, ngalande ndi mabwalo otchinga.

Lingaliro lachikhalidwe ndiloti asanafike Spanish ndi Portuguese m'zaka za zana la 15 panalibe magulu ovuta m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Amazon - mosiyana ndi Andes kumadzulo komwe a Incas anamanga mizinda yawo. Tsopano kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kuwonjezereka kwa maulendo apandege ndi zithunzi za pa satellite zikunena nkhani yosiyana.

Denise Schaan wa ku Federal University of Pará ku Belém, Brazil, ananena kuti: “Sizidzatha,” anatero a Denise Schaan wa payunivesite ya Federal University of Pará ku Belém, ku Brazil, amene anapeza zinthu zambiri zatsopano pogwiritsa ntchito ndege kapena pofufuza zithunzi za Google Earth. "Sabata iliyonse timapeza zomanga zatsopano." Zina mwazo ndi masikweya kapena amakona anayi, pomwe zina zimapanga mabwalo ozungulira kapena ma geometric ovuta monga ma hexagon ndi ma octagon olumikizidwa ndi njira kapena misewu. Ofufuzawo amawafotokoza onse ngati geoglyphs.

MIDZI YA MADANDA

Kupeza kwawo, kumpoto kwa Bolivia ndi kumadzulo kwa Brazil, kukutsatira malipoti ena aposachedwa a midzi yambiri yolumikizana yomwe imadziwika kuti "midzi yamaluwa" kumpoto chapakati pa Brazil, kuyambira cha m'ma AD 1400. osati zofanana kapena geometric monga geoglyphs, Schaan akuti.

Martti Pärssinen wa m’bungwe la Finnish Cultural and Academic Institutes ku Madrid, ku Spain, yemwe amagwira ntchito ndi Schaan, anati: “Ndimakhulupirira kwambiri kuti mizinda ya ku Xingu ndi mmene mizinda ya kumidzi ya ku Xingu inali yogwirizana kwenikweni. Ngakhale zili choncho, zinthu zonse ziwirizi zikusonyeza kuti madera [a kumtunda] kumadzulo kwa Amazonia kunali anthu ambiri ku Ulaya kusanachitike.”

Ma geoglyphs amapangidwa ndi ngalande mpaka mita 11 m'lifupi ndi 1 mpaka 2 mita kuya. Amachokera ku 90 mpaka 300 mamita m'mimba mwake ndipo amaganiziridwa kuti ndi a zaka 2000 zapitazo mpaka zaka za zana la 13.

AMAKHALA ANTHU

Zofukula zafukula zoumba, miyala yopera ndi zizindikiro zina zosonyeza kuti anthu amakhala pamalo ena koma osati pa ena. Izi zikusonyeza kuti ena anali ndi ntchito zamwambo chabe, pamene ena angakhalenso akugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitetezo.

Komabe, mwachilendo kwa zida zodzitchinjiriza, nthaka idawunjika kunja kwa ngalandezo, komanso ndizofanana kwambiri. Schaan anati: “Ukaganizira za chitetezo, umangomanga mpanda kapena ngalande. "Simuyenera kuwerengera kuti mukhale mozungulira kapena mozungulira." Zambiri mwazinthuzi ndizolowera kumpoto, ndipo gululo likufufuza ngati mwina zinali ndi tanthauzo la zakuthambo.

Colin McEwan, mkulu wa gawo la Americas pa British Museum ku London anati: “Zitukuko zambiri zakale zinali ndi maziko a mitsinje ndipo nkhalango ya Amazon kwanthaŵi yaitali inali yonyozedwa ndi kunyalanyazidwa m’lingaliro limenelo.

MAPANGANO OBWINO

Ngakhale kuti palibe umboni wakuti anthu a ku Amazon anamanga mapiramidi kapena kupanga chinenero cholembedwa monga mmene anthu a ku Igupto wakale kapena ku Mesopotamia anachitira, “ponena za chizolowezi chofuna kuchulukirachulukira cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kufutukuka kwa malo, iyi sinali nkhalango yokhayokha yokhala ndi anthu osamukasamuka. mafuko ”, McEwan akuwonjezera. "Izi zinali zazikulu, zongokhala komanso zikhalidwe zopambana kwambiri pakapita nthawi."

Ngakhale malo ena a Inca ali pamtunda wa makilomita 200 kumadzulo kwa geoglyphs, palibe zinthu za Inca zomwe zapezeka pamasamba atsopanowa. Komanso samawoneka kuti alibe chilichonse chofanana ndi ma Nasca geoglyphs aku Peru.

Alex Chepstow-Lusty wa ku French Institute for Andean Studies ku Lima, Peru, anati: “Sindikukayika kuti zimenezi zikungochitika mwangozi. "Kukula kwa magulu a pre-Columbian ku Amazonia kukuwonekera pang'onopang'ono ndipo tidabwitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amakhala kumeneko, komanso mokhazikika. Chomvetsa chisoni n’chakuti, chitukuko cha zachuma ndi kuchotsedwa kwa nkhalango zimene zikuwulula mmene anthu okhala ku Colombia asanakhaleko zikuwopsyezanso kukhala ndi nthawi yokwanira yowamvetsa bwino.”