Kubzala kobiriwira ku Europe pambuyo pa Soviet - zopindulitsa ndi zolephera

DNIPRODZERZHYNSK, Ukraine - Zaka makumi awiri zapitazo, pamene Iron Curtain idatsika, dziko lapansi lidachita mantha podzionera okha kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi makina aku Soviet mafakitale.

Muufumu wonse wa chikomyunizimu womwe ukusweka, zimbudzi ndi mankhwala zidatsekereza mitsinje; utsi wa mafakitale unatsamwitsa mizinda; cheza chodutsa m'nthaka; migodi yotseguka yokhala ndi zigwa zobiriwira. Zinali zovuta kuyeza momwe zinalili zoyipa komanso zikadalipobe: Cholinga chake chinali kwambiri pazambiri zopanga kusiyana ndi zomwe zachilengedwe.

Masiku ano, Ulaya ali ndi zigawo ziwiri za kum'maŵa - zomwe zatsukidwa kwambiri mothandizidwa ndi kulowetsedwa kwakukulu kwa ndalama za Kumadzulo ndi chiyembekezo chokhala nawo mu European Union yopambana; china chomwe chikuwonekabe ngati ma commissars sanachokepo.

Mizere yosiyana ya nkhaniyo imalembedwa mumtsinje wa mitsinje iwiri.

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Kuyenda m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Dnieper ku Ukraine, kupyola malo omwe kale anali ulamuliro wa Soviet Union, kumafuna kuti tidutse utsi wakuda ndi walalanje kuchokera kufakitale yopangira zitsulo.

Paphiripo, apaulendo amatha kumva phokoso la zinyalala zoyaka moto. Minda yapafupi ndi yotchingidwa ndi waya wamingaminga yokhala ndi zikwangwani zochenjeza za radioactivity. Kupitilira apo, sitimayi imadutsa malo achitatu padziko lonse lapansi opangira mphamvu zanyukiliya.

Kumtunda kwa Kiev, likulu la dziko la Ukraine, Dnieper amatola madzi mumtsinje wa Pripyat, womwe matope ake akadali odzaza ndi radioactive caesium-137 kuchokera ku ngozi ya nyukiliya ya 1986 ku Chernobyl.

Kummwera chakumadzulo, m’maiko amene alowa m’bungwe la EU, mtsinje wina, Danube, ukubwerera m’mbuyo. Maboti osangalatsa amadutsa malo osambira omwe anthu ambiri amasambira ndipo anthu amitundu yambiri akuyenda m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wonyezimira womwe umalimbikitsa nyimbo za Johann Strauss. Mitengo yotetezedwa ndi madambo akuwonjezedwa panjira yake yodutsamo.

Mu 1989 chigawo cha Danube chomwe chinadutsa m’maiko achikomyunizimu chinali ngati Dnieper—tsoka lachilengedwe lambiri. Mafuta amafuta ankanyezimira mumitundu ya utawaleza pamwamba pa madzi. Malo aatali anali opanda nsomba, ndipo ndere zonunkha zinkachuluka m’mphepete mwa nyanja. Choyipa kwambiri kuposa kuipitsa kowonekera kunali kuukira kobisika kwa ma microcontaminants omwe adawononga chilengedwe.

Koma pamphambano za geography ndi mbiri yakale pali chidziŵitso cha kusiyana kwa mitsinjeyo.

Kuchokera ku Russia ndi kutha ku Black Sea, Dnieper akuyenda kum'mwera kudzera ku Belarus, kudutsa kum'mwera chakum'mawa kudutsa Ukraine, mayiko omwe atsalira, mosiyanasiyana, pafupifupi zaka 20 zapitazo adamangidwanso mpaka ku mphamvu ya Kremlin.

The Danube, kumbali ina, ikutsatira kuguba kwachipambano kudzera kukukula kwa European Union chakum'mawa, kuyambira ku Germany yolemera kwambiri ya EU ndikudutsa kapena kupanga malire a mamembala atsopano - Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, Romania, ndi Bulgaria.

Mtsinjewu umayenda makilomita 2,857 (1,775 miles) kuchokera ku Black Forest kupita ku Black Sea. Anthu pafupifupi 83 miliyoni m’mayiko 19 amakhala m’chigwa chake.

Zaka zisanu kuchokera pamene Khoma la Berlin linagwa pa Nov. 9, 1989, mayiko ambiri omwe akugawana nawo Danube adasaina msonkhano woyendetsa mtsinjewu, mitsinje yake, beseni ndi magwero a nthaka. Inali imodzi mwama projekiti odziwika bwino pantchito yokulirapo pakati pa mayiko akumadzulo kuti apeze mabiliyoni a madola kuti ayeretse kum'mawa kwa Europe.

M’zaka zisanu zakuchitapo kanthu pachimake kuyambira 2000, maiko a Danube anawononga ndalama zokwana madola 3.5 biliyoni pomanga malo oyeretsera madzi oipa m’matauni ndi midzi yambiri m’mphepete mwa mtsinjewo ndi mitsinje yake yaikulu 26. Anawononga ndalama zokwana madola 500 miliyoni kukonzanso madambo ndikuyeretsa kutayikira kwa mafakitale komanso kusefukira kwaulimi komwe kumadetsa madzi.

Mankhwala omwe amadyetsa ndere zotsamwitsa zomera ndikuwopseza thanzi la anthu atsika kwambiri kuyambira 1989, ngakhale milingo yawo ikadali yokwera kwambiri kuposa mu 1950, mafakitale asanachitike komanso kukula kwa mizinda ya m'mphepete mwa mitsinje.

Pamodzi ndi thandizo lachindunji lakumadzulo, maiko ambiri osauka omwe anali a Soviet-bloc anali ndi chilimbikitso chachikulu chodziponya m'derali: umembala wa EU. Pothamanga kuti akwaniritse miyezo ya chilengedwe ya bloc, amayika zokolopa m'mafakitale otenthedwa ndi malasha, adamanga malo oyeretsera madzi ndikuchepetsa mpweya womwe umabwera padziko lapansi ngati mvula ya asidi.

Inali ntchito yaikulu kwambiri.

Dera limodzi lotchedwa Black Triangle pamphambano ya Germany, Poland ndi Czech Republic linali lodziwika bwino. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa migodi ya malasha ndi mafakitale olemera kudasokoneza derali pansi pa phulusa ndi gasi. Pafupifupi matani 80 miliyoni a lignite, kapena malasha abulauni, ankawotchedwa chaka chilichonse, kutsanulira matani 3 miliyoni a sulfure dioxide m’mlengalenga zimene zinayambitsa matenda aakulu a kupuma, kuwonjezereka kwa kansa, ndi mavuto a mtima ndi chitetezo chathupi. Zithunzi za satellite zikuwonetsa theka la nkhalango za paini m'mapiri ozungulira zidasowa pakati pa 1972 ndi 1989.

Ndi thandizo lochokera ku EU, maiko atatuwa adapanga mafakitole, kusintha mafuta oyeretsa, ndikuyika matekinoloje atsopano m'derali, pafupifupi kukula kwa Maryland kapena Belgium. M’zaka khumi, mpweya wa sulfure dioxide unatsika ndi 91 peresenti, nitrogen oxide inatsika ndi 78 peresenti ndipo tinthu tolimba tinatsika ndi 96 peresenti, malinga ndi UN Environment Programme.

Kwa Danube, kuyeretsa sikunali ntchito yongoteteza zachilengedwe. Msonkhano wa ku Danube unasintha maganizo, kuthetsa zotchinga pakati pa adani omwe kale anali adani, kukakamiza mayiko ndi anthu a m'mphepete mwa mitsinje kugwirira ntchito limodzi kudutsa malire omwe kale anali adani.

Philip Weller, mlembi wamkulu wa bungweli ananena kuti: “Mtsinje wa Danube ndi mtsinje wamoyo umene umagwirizana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso anthu okhala kumeneko.

“Si mtsinje wakuthengo, m’lingaliro la kulumpha kwa nsomba za salimoni kapena madzi oyera,” anatero Weller. “Ndiwo mphamvu ya moyo, dongosolo la kayendedwe ka kayendedwe kake ka magazi” lomwe limagwirizanitsa chigawo cholemera kwambiri cha Ulaya kumadzulo kwa Germany ndi osauka kwambiri ku Ukraine ndi Moldova.

Mtsinjewo suli woyerabe, koma “m’zaka 20 zapitazi zambiri zasintha kukhala zabwinoko,” anatero Andreas Beckmann wa World Wildlife Fund. Pambuyo pa zaka 150 za kuchitiridwa nkhanza ndi kutayika kwa 80 peresenti ya madambo a mtsinjewo, “Danube yachira kwambiri.”

Ndi chithandizo cha thumba, mabwalo adagwetsedwa ndipo mitsinje yodulidwa idalumikizidwanso, ndikubwezeretsa mahekitala 50,000 (maekala 123,000) kapena gawo limodzi mwamagawo asanu a madambo omwe angabwezeredwe, akutero Beckmann.

Komabe, mtsinjewu uli ndi zipsera zosasinthika kuyambira nthawi ya Soviet.

Madamu a Iron Gate aku Romania ndi malo opangira magetsi amadzi sangathe kuthetsedwa, kutsekereza mpaka kalekale njira yosamukira ya sturgeon yayikulu. Mitundu iwiri mwa mitundu isanu ya ma sturgeon yomwe imapezeka ku Danube yatsala pang'ono kutha, ngakhale kuti akuyesetsa kuti atsitsimutse masheya m'madera akumunsi a Danube.

Kupita patsogolo kwachuma kumabweretsa ziwopsezo zamakono: kulongedza zinthu zambiri, zinyalala zambiri, zotsukira zapakhomo zokhala ndi phosphorous zomwe zimalimbikitsa ndere zotsamwitsa mitsinje.

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Sergei Rudenko, mphunzitsi wa pasukulu yophunzitsa ntchito zamanja ku Dniprodzerzhynsk, wakhala akuponya chingwe cha usodzi mu Dnieper kwa zaka 50. Kuchokera kumapiri apakati pa Russia, mtsinje wa makilomita 2,285 (makilomita 1,420) unali wolemera pamalo ano kum'mawa kwa Ukraine ndi nsomba, carp ndi bream.

Tsopano zokolola zake ndi zoipa, iye akutero.

"The Dnieper wawonongedwa," Rudenko anati, akuponya mzere wake pa msewu mlatho, kumene chizimezime ndi obisika ndi utsi wa zitsulo zomera. “Usodzi suli ngati kale. Bambo anga nthawi zonse ankabweretsa kunyumba nsomba zambiri, mabream ambiri, ndipo panopa kulibe.”

Dniprodzerzhynsk, dzina lomwe limaphatikiza mtsinjewu ndi Felix Dzerzhinsky, yemwe anayambitsa apolisi achinsinsi a Bolshevik, nthawi ina inali yofunika kwambiri ku chuma cha Soviet kotero kuti idatsekedwa kwa anthu akunja. Ndi anthu 250,000, ili ndi mafakitale 60, ena akuyandikira mzindawu muutsi wokhazikika.

Kumayambiriro kwa tawuni minda isanu ndi itatu yotchingidwa ndi waya wamingaminga, wopachikidwa ndi makona atatu achikasu ochenjeza za kuphulika kwa radioactivity. Zinyalala za nyukiliya zinatayidwa kuno zaka zambiri zapitazo. Apolisi ovala yunifolomu akulondera m'derali, ndipo anaimitsa atolankhani awiri a Associated Press kuti afunse chifukwa chake anali kumeneko.

Pafupi ndi fakitale yamankhwala pali malo otayirapo mutawuni, pomwe zinyalala zazaka makumi atatu tsopano ndi malo otayirako nthunzi ozama mamita 30 (mamita 100) akuya. Magalimoto ambiri amafika tsiku lililonse, ndikutaya zinyalala zambiri mumtsinje, womwe umadutsa ndi mtsinje wonunkha wodzaza ndi zinyalala.

"Mphepo ikachokera kumeneko, sindingathe kupuma," adatero Gregori Timoshenko, wogwira ntchito pamalo otaya zinyalala wazaka 72, akugwedeza zinyalala zatsopano. Iye amanjenjemera akafunsidwa ngati kugwira ntchito pamalo oipitsidwa ngati amenewa kumakhudza thanzi lake. "Ndakhala moyo wanga, palibe chomwe ndingataye."

Osati kutali, Evgen Kolishevsky wa Voice of Nature, gulu lachilengedwe la chilengedwe, amatenga mtolankhani ku phazi mulu wamapiri, womwe uli pansi pa mtsinje wa Konoplyanka womwe umadutsa mu Dnieper. "Izi ndi zinyalala zochokera kumakampani opanga mankhwala komanso kukonza ndi kukulitsa uranium," adatero.

"Dniprodzerzhynsk ndi umodzi mwa mizinda yowonongeka kwambiri ku Ulaya," adatero, akugwedeza mutu wake.

Pamene chidwi cha dziko chikuyang'ana kwambiri pa kusintha kwa nyengo, ulendo wopita ku Ukraine ndi chikumbutso chochititsa chidwi kuti mavuto akale a zachilengedwe a kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya, madzi akuda ndi zinyalala zosasamalidwa akadali zovuta kwambiri.

Dera la ku Ukraine, lomwe poyamba linali injini yamakampani mu ufumu wa Soviet, likuwonetsa malo owoneka bwino: mpanda wa picket stacks ndi milu ikuluikulu ya slag yowoneka ngati mapiri amapiri ophulika patali.

Kumapeto kwa ulendo wake, Dnieper amalowa m'dera lokhalo la Black Sea lomwe limadwala "anthropogenic hypoxia," kusowa kwa okosijeni komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa ndi anthu komwe kumawononga ma kilomita 50,000 amadzi - kupha nsomba. ndi moyo zomera.

Irina Schevchenko, mtolankhani komanso mkulu wa bungwe lodzifunira la m'deralo la Vita, akuyima pansi pa phiri limodzi la phulusa la mankhwala, lalitali kuposa nyumba iliyonse kum'mawa kwa Gorlovka. M’zaka za m’ma 1970, fakitale ya boma ya makemikolo inayamba kutaya zinyalala zake m’mphepete mwa malo osungirako zachilengedwe. Tsopano, zitsa zamitengo zomwe zidawotchedwa ndi dothi lachitsulo lotuwa limalekanitsa dzala ndi nkhalango.

M'chilimwe, utsi wa evaporation wa mankhwala umatuluka kuchokera pachitunda, adatero Schevchenko. “Mphepo imautengera kuminda, ku nyumba za anthu. Ikagwa mvula… imapita mu mitsinje imeneyi ndi kukalowa pansi pa nthaka. Zotsatira zake n’zakuti kuchuluka kwa makemikolo m’nthaka ndi mumpweya wa Gorlovka kumachuluka kuŵirikiza kaŵiri kuposa masiku onse.”

Victor Lyapin, yemwe ndi mkulu wa zachipatala m'deralo, akuvomereza zowonongazo.

"Kulakwitsa koyamba kwa Soviet Union," adatero, "kunali kuyika mafakitale ndi anthu phewa limodzi."