Tsiku labwino la Ufulu wa Comoros

Comoros ndi zisumbu zomwe zimaphulika kuchokera kugombe lakum'mawa kwa Africa, m'madzi otentha a Indian Ocean a Mozambique Channel.

Mgwirizano wa Comoros ndi gulu la atatu. Chilumba cha grand comores, moheli ndi anjouan. Chilumba cha Mayotte ndi gawo la chilumba cha Comoros koma osati chamgwirizanowu. Ili mu njira ya Mozambique kugombe lakum'mawa kwa Africa, mgwirizanowu ndi membala wa African Union.

Comores nayenso ndi membala wa Zilumba za Vanila
Tourism ikukhala yofunika kwambiri to Economy ya Union.

Mofanana ndi zomera, zinyama zimakhala zosiyanasiyana komanso zokhala bwino, ngakhale kuti pali zinyama zazikulu zochepa. Pali mitundu yopitilira 24 ya zokwawa kuphatikiza mitundu 12 yomwe ili komweko. Mitundu 1,200 ya tizilombo ndi mitundu zana limodzi ya mbalame imatha kuwonedwa.

Kuphulika kwa mapiri kunapanga gombe. Mitengo ya mangrove imapezeka kuzilumba zonse. Zimakhala zopanga, zopatsa zinthu zachilengedwe komanso malo okhala oyenera mitundu yambiri. M’nkhalangoyi muli nyama zapadziko lapansi, madzi abwino (mbalame, ndi zina zotero), ndi nyama zakuthengo za m’madzi (nsomba, nkhanu, nkhanu, nkhono ndi zinyama zina zosiyanasiyana).

Matanthwe a matanthwe amakopa alendo. Zimakhala zokongola modabwitsa, zimakhala zooneka mochititsa chidwi, ndipo zimakhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya nyama zakutchire. Matanthwewa ndi dziko lochititsa chidwi lomwe mungaliwone mukamasambira ndipo ndi malo ofunikira oyendera alendo kwa alendo athu.

MARINE FAUNA

Nyama za m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi zam'madzi za ku Comoros ndizosiyanasiyana ndipo zimaphatikizansopo zapadziko lonse lapansi. Nyanja ndi m'mphepete mwa zilumbazi muli malo odabwitsa kwambiri. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 820 ya nsomba za m’madzi amchere, kuphatikizapo coelacanth, limodzi ndi akamba am’nyanja, anamgumi a humpback, ndi dolphin.

The insularity of Comoros imatsogolera kumadera ambiri okongola achilengedwe komanso malo odabwitsa kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa nyama zakutchire ndi zamoyo zam'madzi, kuphatikizapo algae, ndikwambiri. Chifukwa chake ndizomveka kuti Comoros imawona ecotourism ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri.

Chilumba chachikulu kwambiri cha dziko lino, Grande Comore (Ngazidja) chili ndi magombe ndi chiphalaphala chakale chochokera kuphiri lophulika la Mt. Karthala. Pafupi ndi doko ndi medina ku likulu la Moroni, pali zitseko zojambulidwa ndi mzikiti woyera wokhala ndi mipanda yoyera, Ancienne Mosquée du Vendredi, kukumbukira zilumba za Arabiya.

Chiwerengero cha anthu mu 2020 chinali 869,595.

Pa 22 December 1974, referendum ya ufulu wodzilamulira inachitikira ku Comoros.

Zilumba zitatu zinasankha kukhala paokha. Ku Mayotte, komabe, 63.8% ya anthu adavota kuti akhalebe gawo la French Republic. Pa Julayi 6, 1975, akuluakulu aku Comorian adalengeza kuti adziyimira pawokha.

N’kutheka kuti ku Comoro kunkakhala anthu a m’banja la Malayo-Polynesian pofika m’zaka za m’ma 5 kapena m’ma 6 CE ndipo mwinanso m’mbuyomo. Ena anachokera kufupi ndi Afirika ndi Madagascar, ndipo Aarabu ndiwonso anali mbali yaikulu ya anthu oyambirira.

Zisumbuzi sizinawonekere pa mapu a dziko lonse la ku Ulaya mpaka 1527 pamene zinajambulidwa ndi katswiri wojambula mapu wa ku Portugal Diego Ribero. Anthu oyambirira a ku Ulaya odziwika kukaona zisumbuzi, pambuyo pake m’zaka za m’ma 16, akuwoneka kuti anali Achipwitikizi.

Munthu wa ku England, Sir James Lancaster, anapita ku Grande Comore cha m’ma 1591, koma anthu ambiri ochokera kunja kwa zilumbazi anakhalabe achiarabu mpaka m’zaka za m’ma 19.

Mu 1843 dziko la France linalanda Mayotte mwalamulo, ndipo mu 1886 linaika zisumbu zina zitatu pansi pa chitetezo chake. Mogwirizana ndi Madagascar mu 1912, Comoros idakhala gawo lakunja kwa France mu 1947 ndipo adayimilira ku Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku France.

Mu 1961, patangotha ​​chaka chimodzi dziko la Madagascar litalandira ufulu wodzilamulira, zilumbazi zinapatsidwa ufulu wodzilamulira. Ambiri pazilumba zitatuzi adavotera ufulu wodzilamulira mu 1974, koma ambiri mwa anthu okhala ku Mayotte adakonda kupitiliza ulamuliro wa France.

Pamene bungwe la National Assembly of France linanena kuti chilumba chilichonse chiyenera kusankha malo akeake, Purezidenti wa Comorian Ahmed Abdallah (yemwe anachotsedwa ntchito kumapeto kwa chaka chimenecho) analengeza kuti zisumbu zonsezo zinali zodziimira pa July 6, 1975.

Pambuyo pake Comoros anavomerezedwa ku United Nations, yomwe inazindikira kukhulupirika kwa zisumbu zonse monga dziko limodzi. France, komabe, idavomereza ulamuliro wa zisumbu zitatu zokhazo ndikuvomereza kudziyimira pawokha kwa Mayotte, kunena kuti ndi "gulu lachigawo" (mwachitsanzo, osati gawo kapena kukonzekera) ku France mu 1976.

Ubale utayamba kusokonekera, France idachotsa chithandizo chonse chaukadaulo ku Comoros. Ali Soilih adakhala purezidenti ndikuyesa kusintha dzikolo kukhala repabuliki yadziko, ya sosholisti.

Mu May 1978 kulanda boma kotsogozedwa ndi nzika ya ku France, Col. Robert Denard, ndi gulu la asilikali ankhondo a ku Ulaya kunabweretsa Abdallah, pulezidenti wakale wothamangitsidwa m’dzikolo, kulamulira.

Ubale waukazembe ndi France unayambikanso, lamulo latsopano linapangidwa, ndipo Abdallah anasankhidwanso kukhala pulezidenti kumapeto kwa 1978 komanso mu 1984, pamene adathamanga popanda wotsutsa.

Anapulumuka maulendo atatu oukira boma, koma mu November 1989 anaphedwa. Chisankho cha pulezidenti wa zipani zambiri chinachitika mu 1990, ndipo Saïd Mohamed Djohar anasankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti, koma mu September 1995 adachotsedwa pampando wotsogoleredwa ndi Denard. Kuukirako kudasokonekera pamene kulowererapo kwa France kunachotsa Denard ndi asitikali ankhondo.

Chisankho chatsopano chinachitika m’chaka cha 1996. Pansi pa pulezidenti watsopano, Mohamed Abdoulkarim Taki, lamulo latsopano linavomerezedwa ndipo anayesayesa kuchepetsa ndalama zomwe boma limagwiritsa ntchito komanso kuonjezera ndalama zimene amapeza.

Pofika mu August 1997 magulu odzipatula pazilumba za Anjouan ndi Mohéli anali amphamvu moti atsogoleri awo analengeza kuti chilumba chilichonse chili chodziimira paokha.

Mwezi wotsatira boma linayesa kupondereza gulu lofuna kudzipatula, koma asilikali amene anatumizidwa ku chilumba cha Anjouan anakanthidwa kotheratu. Ufulu wa zilumba ziwirizi sunazindikiridwe ndi ndale zandale kunja kwa zilumbazi, komabe, kuyesa kuthetsa vutoli ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse kunalephera.

Taki anamwalira mwadzidzidzi mu November 1998 ndipo analowedwa m'malo ndi pulezidenti wokhalitsa, Tadjiddine Ben Saïd Massounde.

Lamuloli lidati zisankho zatsopano zichitike, koma zisanachitike, pulezidenti wokhazikika adachotsedwa mu Epulo 1999 ndi chigawenga chankhondo motsogozedwa ndi wamkulu wankhondo, Col. Azali Assoumani, yemwe adalanda boma.

Boma latsopano silinazindikiridwe ndi mayiko, koma mu July Assoumani adakambirana mgwirizano ndi odzipatula pachilumba cha Anjouan.

Odzipatulawo adasaina pangano lomwe linakhazikitsa nthawi ya pulezidenti yomwe idzazungulira pakati pa zilumba zitatuzi. Nthawi yapulezidenti yosinthasintha idavomerezedwa ndi zisumbu zonse zitatu mu Disembala 2001, monganso lamulo latsopano lomwe lidapatsa chilumba chilichonse kudziyimira pawokha komanso pulezidenti wake wadera komanso msonkhano wanyumba yamalamulo.

Chisankho choyamba cha federal pansi pa malamulo a malamulo atsopano chinachitika mu 2002, ndipo Assoumani, wochokera ku Grande Comore, adasankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti. Mu 2006 nthawi ya pulezidenti idazungulira chilumba cha Anjouan. Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi adalengezedwa kuti ndi wopambana pa chisankho cha pulezidenti mu May ndipo adatenga ulamuliro wa boma la federal posinthana mphamvu mwamtendere.

Mtendere wosokonekerawu udasokonekera mu 2007 pomwe boma la federal, poyankha ziwawa komanso umboni wowopseza anthu ovota, lidalamula boma la Anjouan kuti liyimitse chisankho chapulezidenti pachilumbachi ndipo lidapempha Purezidenti wa Anjouan, Col. Mohamed Bacar, kuti atule pansi udindo wawo ndi kulola kuti chisankhocho chichitike. pulezidenti wokhalitsa.

Bacar adanyalanyaza lamuloli ndipo mu June 2007 adachita chisankho pomwe adadziwika kuti wapambana. Zotsatira sizinazindikiridwe ndi boma la federal kapena African Union (AU): onse adafuna zisankho zatsopano, zomwe Bacar anakana kuchita.

Pomwe zinthu zidasokonekera, bungwe la AU lidapereka zilango kwa oyang'anira a Bacar mu Okutobala, zomwe sizinathandize kwenikweni pomukakamiza kuti atsatire zomwe akufuna.

Asilikali a Comorian ndi AU anaukira Anjouan pa March 25, 2008, ndipo mwamsanga anateteza chilumbachi; Bacar anapewa kugwidwa ndipo anathawa m’dzikolo.

Udindo wa Mayotte, womwe unkadziwikabe ku Comoros koma ukuyendetsedwa ndi France, udali mutu wa referendum ya Marichi 2009. Oposa 95 peresenti ya ovota a Mayotte adavomereza kusintha kwa chilumbachi ndi France kuchoka pagulu kupita ku dipatimenti yakunja mu 2011, kulimbitsa ubale wake ndi dzikolo. Comoros, komanso AU, adakana zotsatira za voti.

Mu 2010 nthawi yapulezidenti idasinthiratu pachilumba cha Mohéli, ndipo Ikililou Dhoinine, m'modzi mwa a Sambi. Makamu apurezidenti, adapeza mavoti ochuluka pachigawo choyamba cha voti, chomwe chidachitika pa Novembara 7. Adapambana zisankho za Disembala 26 ndi 61 peresenti ya mavoti, ngakhale kuti kupambana kwake kudasokonezedwa ndi zonena zachinyengo zochokera kwa otsutsa. Dhoinine idakhazikitsidwa pa Meyi 26, 2011.