Mbiri ya hotelo: Green Book wa ku Negro

Mndandanda wa maupangiri ngati AAA a apaulendo akuda adasindikizidwa ndi a Victor H. Green kuyambira 1936 mpaka 1966. Adalemba mahotela, ma motelo, malo ochitirako chithandizo, nyumba zogona, malo odyera, ndi malo okongola ndi ometa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamene apaulendo aku America aku America adakumana ndi dambo la malamulo a Jim Crow ndi malingaliro atsankho zomwe zimapangitsa kuyenda kukhala kovuta komanso nthawi zina kowopsa.

Chikuto cha kope la 1949 chinalangiza wapaulendo wakuda kuti, “Nyamulani Buku Lobiriwira. Mutha kuzifuna." Ndipo pansi pa malangizowo panali mawu ochokera kwa Mark Twain omwe ali okhumudwitsa pankhaniyi: "Maulendo amapha tsankho." Buku la Green Book lidadziwika kwambiri ndi makope 15,000 omwe adagulitsidwa pamtundu uliwonse m'nthawi yake. Inali gawo lofunikira la maulendo apamsewu kwa mabanja akuda.

Ngakhale kusankhana mitundu komanso umphawi kunali kochepa kwambiri kwa anthu akuda, anthu apakati a ku Africa kuno anagula magalimoto mwamsanga. Komabe, ankakumana ndi zoopsa zosiyanasiyana m’njira, kuyambira kukana chakudya ndi malo ogona mpaka kumangidwa mopanda chilungamo. Malo ena opangira mafuta ankagulitsa gasi kwa oyendetsa galimoto akuda koma sankawalola kugwiritsa ntchito zimbudzi.

Poyankha, a Victor H. Green adapanga chitsogozo chake cha mautumiki ndi malo omwe ali ochezeka kwa anthu aku Africa America, ndikukulitsa kufalikira kwake kuchokera kudera la New York kupita kudera lalikulu la North America. Mogwirizana ndi mayiko, kope lililonse linkatchula mabizinesi omwe sankasankhana chifukwa cha mtundu. M’chaka cha 2010, m’chaka cha XNUMX atafunsidwa ndi nyuzipepala ya New York Times, Lonnie Bunch, Mtsogoleri wa National Museum of African American History and Culture, anafotokoza kuti mbali imeneyi ya bukhu la Green Book ndi chida chimene “chinkathandiza mabanja kuteteza ana awo, kuwathandiza kupewa zinthu zoopsazi. mfundo zimene zingatayidwe kapena kusaloledwa kukhala kwinakwake.”

Buku loyambilira la kalozerayu mu 1936 linali ndi masamba 16 ndipo linakhudza kwambiri malo oyendera alendo mumzinda wa New York ndi kuzungulira mzinda wa New York. Pofika ku US mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, idakula mpaka masamba 48 ndikufalikira pafupifupi mayiko onse a Union. Zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pake, wowongolerayo adakula mpaka masamba 100 ndipo adapereka upangiri kwa alendo akuda omwe amabwera ku Canada, Mexico, Europe, Latin America, Africa ndi Caribbean. Green Book inali ndi mapangano ogawa ndi Standard Oil ndi Esso omwe adagulitsa makope mamiliyoni awiri pofika 1962. Kuwonjezera apo, Green adapanga bungwe loyendera maulendo.

Ngakhale kuti Mabuku a Green Books akuwonetsa zenizeni zokhumudwitsa za tsankho la ku America, adathandiziranso anthu aku Africa ku America kuyenda ndi chitonthozo ndi chitetezo.

Victor H. Green, wogwira ntchito ku positi ku Harlem ku United States, adafalitsa buku loyamba mu 1936 lomwe linali ndi masamba 14 a mindandanda mu mzinda wa New York wotengedwa ndi gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito ku positi. Pofika m’zaka za m’ma 1960, inali itakula kufika pamasamba pafupifupi 100, ikuphatikiza maiko 50. Kwa zaka zambiri, adagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi madalaivala akuda omwe ankafuna kupeŵa tsankho la maulendo ambiri, ofunafuna ntchito akusamukira kumpoto pa nthawi ya Great Migration, asilikali ongopangidwa kumene akupita kumwera kwa asilikali a nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, amalonda oyendayenda ndi mabanja othawa kwawo.

Ndi chikumbutso kuti misewu ikuluikulu inali m'gulu la malo ochepa osagwirizana m'dzikoli ndipo, pamene magalimoto adakhala otsika mtengo m'zaka za m'ma 1920, anthu a ku Africa kuno adakhala oyendayenda kuposa kale lonse. Mu 1934, malonda ambiri a m’mphepete mwa msewu anali oletsedwabe kwa apaulendo akuda. Esso inali malo okhawo omwe amatumizira anthu akuda. Komabe, pamene woyendetsa galimoto wakudayo anatuluka mumsewu wapakati pa misewu, ufulu wa misewu yotseguka unakhala wabodza. Jim Crow amaletsabe apaulendo akuda kuti asalowe m'malo ambiri amsewu ndikupeza zipinda zausiku. Mabanja akuda patchuthi anayenera kukhala okonzeka kaamba ka mkhalidwe uliwonse ngati akanakanidwa malo ogona kapena chakudya m’lesitilanti kapena kugwiritsira ntchito bafa. Anadzaza thunthu la galimoto zawo ndi chakudya, mabulangete ndi mapilo, ngakhale chitini chakale cha khofi cha nthawi imeneyo pamene oyendetsa galimoto akuda ankaletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito bafa.

Mtsogoleri wotchuka wa ufulu wachibadwidwe, Congressman John Lewis, adakumbukira momwe banja lake linakonzekerera ulendo mu 1951:

“Sipakanakhala malo odyera oti tiyimepo mpaka titatuluka Kumwera, choncho tinatenga malo odyera athu m’galimoto momwemo… Kuyimitsa mafuta ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bafa kunali kukonzekereratu. Amalume a Otis anali atapangapo kale ulendo umenewu, ndipo ankadziwa kuti ndi malo ati m’njiramo amene anali ndi mabafa “amitundu” ndiponso amene anali abwinopo kungodutsamo. Mapu athu anaikidwa chizindikiro, ndipo njira yathu inalinganizidwa mwanjira imeneyo, ndi mitunda yapakati pa malo ochitirako misonkhano kumene kukakhala kosungika kuti tiyime.”

Kupeza malo ogona kunali chimodzi mwa mavuto aakulu amene apaulendo akuda anakumana nawo. Sikuti mahotela ambiri, ma motelo, ndi nyumba zogonamo anakana kutumikira makasitomala akuda, komanso matauni zikwi zambiri kudutsa United States anadzitcha “matauni adzuŵa,” amene onse osakhala azungu anayenera kuchoka dzuŵa likamalowa. Matauni ambiri m'dziko lonselo anali oletsedwa kwa anthu aku Africa America. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, panali pafupifupi matauni a dzuwa okwana 10,000 kudutsa US - kuphatikizapo madera akuluakulu monga Glendale, California (anthu 60,000 panthawiyo); Levittown, New York (80,000); ndi Warren, Michigan (180,000). Oposa theka la madera ophatikizidwa ku Illinois anali matauni adzuwa. Mawu osavomerezeka a Anna, Illinois, omwe adathamangitsa anthu aku Africa-America mu 1909, anali "Ain No Niggers Allowed". Ngakhale m’matauni amene sanali kuchotseratu anthu akuda malo ogona, nthaŵi zambiri malo ogona anali ochepa. Anthu aku America aku America omwe amasamukira ku California kukafuna ntchito koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1940 nthawi zambiri ankapezeka kuti akumanga msasa m'mphepete mwa msewu chifukwa chosowa malo ogona pahotelo m'njira. Iwo ankadziwa bwino za tsankho limene ankalandira.

Apaulendo waku Africa-America adakumana ndi zoopsa zenizeni zakuthupi chifukwa cha malamulo osiyanasiyana a tsankho omwe analipo malo ndi malo, komanso kuthekera kwa nkhanza zachiwembu kwa iwo. Zochita zomwe zimavomerezedwa m'malo amodzi zitha kuyambitsa ziwawa pamtunda wa makilomita angapo kutsika. Kuphwanya malamulo aufuko osalembedwa, ngakhale mosadziwa, kungapangitse apaulendo kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Ngakhale khalidwe loyendetsa galimoto linakhudzidwa ndi tsankho; m'chigawo cha Mississippi Delta, mwambo wa m'deralo unkaletsa anthu akuda kuti asadutse azungu, kuti ateteze fumbi lawo m'misewu yopanda miyala kuti aphimbe magalimoto aazungu. Chitsanzo chinatuluka cha azungu akuwononga mwadala magalimoto akuda kuti aike eni ake "m'malo mwawo". Kuima kulikonse kumene kunali kosadziŵika kukhala kotetezereka, ngakhale kulola ana m’galimoto kudzithandiza okha, kunali kowopsa; makolo angalimbikitse ana awo kulamulira chikhumbo chawo chogwiritsira ntchito chimbudzi kufikira atapeza malo abwino oti aime, popeza kuti “msewu umenewo unali wowopsa kwambiri kwa makolo kuima kuti alole ana awo aang’ono akuda kukodzera.”

Malinga ndi kunena kwa mtsogoleri woona za ufulu wachibadwidwe Julian Bond, pokumbukira kuti makolo ake amagwiritsira ntchito bukhu la Green Book, “Linali bukhu lachitsogozo limene linakuuzani osati kumene kuli malo abwino kwambiri odyera, koma kumene kuli malo alionse odyera. Mumaganizira zinthu zimene apaulendo ambiri amaziona mopepuka, kapena anthu ambiri masiku ano amaziona mopepuka. Ngati ndipita ku New York City ndikufuna kumeta tsitsi, ndizosavuta kuti ndipeze malo omwe zingachitike, koma sizinali zophweka pamenepo. Ometa azungu sakanameta tsitsi la anthu akuda. Malo okongola oyera sangatenge akazi akuda ngati makasitomala - mahotela ndi zina zotero, pansi pamzere. Mumafunikira Buku Lobiriwira kuti likuuzeni komwe mungapite popanda kumenyetsa zitseko kumaso kwanu.

Monga momwe Victor Green analembera m’kope la 1949, “padzakhala tsiku lina posachedwapa pamene bukhuli silidzafunikira kusindikizidwa. Ndipamene ife monga mpikisano tidzakhala ndi mwayi wofanana ndi mwayi ku United States. Lidzakhala tsiku labwino kwa ife kuyimitsa bukuli chifukwa titha kupita kulikonse komwe tingafune, popanda kuchita manyazi…. Apa ndi pamene ife monga mpikisano tidzakhala ndi mwayi wofanana ndi mwayi ku United States. "

Tsiku limenelo linafika pamene Civil Rights Act ya 1964 inakhala lamulo la dziko. Buku lomaliza la Negro Motorist Green Book linasindikizidwa mu 1966. Pambuyo pa zaka makumi asanu ndi chimodzi, pamene maulendo a pamsewu wa msewu wa Americas ndi ademokalase kuposa kale lonse, pali malo omwe anthu a ku America sakulandiridwa.

Wolembayo, Stanley Turkel, ndi wovomerezeka komanso wothandizira pamsika wama hotelo. Amagwiritsa ntchito hotelo yake, kuchereza alendo komanso kuwunikira komwe kumagwiritsa ntchito kasamalidwe ka chuma, kuwunikiridwa kwa magwiridwe antchito ndi magwiridwe antchito amgwirizano wama franchising ndi ntchito zothandizira milandu. Makasitomala ndi eni hotelo, osunga ndalama ndi mabungwe obwereketsa. Mabuku ake ndi awa: Great American Hoteliers: Apainiya a Hotel Viwanda (2009), Omangidwa Kuti Akhale Omaliza: 100+ Chaka Chakale ku New York (2011), Kumangidwa Kotsiriza: 100+ Year-Old Hotels Kum'mawa kwa Mississippi (2013) ), Hotel Mavens: Lucius M. Boomer, George C. Boldt ndi Oscar wa Waldorf (2014), Great American Hoteliers Voliyumu 2: Apainiya a Hotel Industry (2016), ndi buku lake latsopanoli, Built to Last: 100+ Year -Old Hotels West of the Mississippi (2017) - akupezeka mu hardback, paperback, ndi mtundu wa Ebook - momwe Ian Schrager adalemba m'mawu oyamba: "Bukuli limakwaniritsa zaka zitatu za mbiri ya hotelo zokwana 182 zamakalasi azipinda 50 kapena kupitilira apo ... Ndikumva ndi mtima wonse kuti sukulu iliyonse ya hotelo iyenera kukhala ndi magulu a mabukuwa ndikuwapangitsa kuti aziwerengera ophunzira awo komanso anzawo. ”

Mabuku onse a wolemba akhoza kuitanitsidwa kuchokera ku AuthorHouse by kuwonekera apa.