Kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu? Inde, dziko lanu lili pamndandandawu!

Alendo opitilira 1 biliyoni amayenda padziko lonse lapansi chaka chilichonse. Izi ziyenera kutumiza uthenga wamtendere kudzera muzokopa alendo padziko lonse lapansi.

Tsoka ilo, intaneti, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ndi kuyenderana kwanuko mwina kwapangitsa kuti kuyanjana kwa anthu kukhale kosavuta, koma maboma pafupifupi mayiko onse padziko lapansi amalola kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu. Kodi dziko lanu lili bwanji pa ufulu wa anthu, ufulu wa atolankhani?

Amnesty International yatulutsa lipoti lake la 2014/2015.
Mukhoza kukopera lipoti ndi kupeza mndandanda wa zofooka pafupifupi mayiko onse padziko lapansi. Zotsatira zake nthawi zina zimakhala zodabwitsa.

Malinga ndi kunena kwa Salil Shetty, Mlembi Wamkulu wa bungwe la Amestry International, chaka chimenechi chakhala chomvetsa chisoni kwambiri kwa anthu amene akufuna kuchirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu komanso amene ali m’madera amene kukuchitika nkhondo.

Maboma amangonena za kufunika koteteza anthu wamba. Ndipo komabe andale zadziko alephera momvetsa chisoni kuteteza awo osoŵa kwambiri. Amnesty International ikukhulupirira kuti izi zitha ndipo ziyenera kusintha.

Lamulo lothandiza anthu padziko lonse lapansi - lamulo lomwe limayendetsa mikangano yankhondo - silingamveke bwino. Zowukira siziyenera kuchitikira anthu wamba. Mfundo yosiyanitsa pakati pa anthu wamba ndi omenyana ndi chitetezo chofunika kwambiri kwa anthu amene agwidwa ndi zoopsa za nkhondo.

Ndipo komabe, mobwerezabwereza, anthu wamba anali ndi vuto lalikulu pankhondo. M’chaka chokumbukira zaka 20 za kuphedwa kwa fuko ku Rwanda, andale ankapondereza mobwerezabwereza malamulo oteteza anthu wamba - kapena kuyang’ana kutali ndi kuphwanya koopsa kwa malamulowa kochitidwa ndi ena.
Bungwe la UN Security Council linalephera mobwerezabwereza kuthana ndi mavuto ku Syria m'zaka zam'mbuyo, pamene miyoyo yambiri ikanapulumutsidwa. Kulephera kumeneku kunapitirirabe mu 2014. M’zaka zinayi zapitazi, anthu oposa 200,000 afa - anthu wamba ochuluka kwambiri - ndipo makamaka pa ziwawa za asilikali a boma. Pafupifupi anthu 4 miliyoni ochokera ku Syria tsopano ndi othawa kwawo kumayiko ena. Oposa 7.6 miliyoni athawa kwawo mkati mwa Syria.

 Gulu lankhondo lodzitcha lokha la Islamic State (IS, lomwe kale linali ISIS), lomwe lakhala likuyendetsa milandu yankhondo ku Syria, lachita kulanda, kupha anthu, komanso kuyeretsa fuko kwambiri kumpoto kwa Iraq. Mofananamo, magulu ankhondo a Shi'a ku Iraq analanda ndi kupha anthu wamba ambiri a Sunni, mothandizidwa mwakachetechete ndi boma la Iraq.

Kuukira kwa Julayi ku Gaza ndi asitikali aku Israeli kudapha miyoyo ya 2,000 ya Palestine. Apanso, ambiri mwa iwo - osachepera 1,500 - anali anthu wamba. Ndondomekoyi inali, monga momwe Amnesty International inafotokozera mwatsatanetsatane, yodziwika ndi kusayanjanitsika komanso kukhudza milandu ya nkhondo. Hamas idachitanso zigawenga zankhondo powombera maroketi osasankha ku Israel zomwe zidapha anthu asanu ndi mmodzi.

Ku Nigeria, mkangano womwe uli kumpoto pakati pa magulu ankhondo a boma ndi gulu lankhondo la Boko Haram unafalikira padziko lonse lapansi ndi kulanda, ndi Boko Haram, kwa atsikana 276 asukulu mu tawuni ya Chibok, imodzi mwamilandu yosawerengeka yomwe gululo lidachita. Zosazindikirika zinali zolakwa zowopsa zomwe zidachitika ndi asitikali aku Nigeria komanso omwe amagwira nawo ntchito motsutsana ndi anthu omwe amakhulupirira kuti ndi mamembala kapena othandizira a Boko Haram, ena omwe adajambulidwa pavidiyo, adawululidwa ndi Amnesty International mu Ogasiti; matupi a anthu ophedwawo anaponyedwa m’manda a anthu ambiri.

Ku Central African Republic, anthu oposa 5,000 anafa pa ziwawa zamagulu ampatuko ngakhale kuti panali magulu ankhondo a mayiko. Kuzunzidwa, kugwiriridwa ndi kupha anthu ambiri sikunawonekere m'masamba oyambirira a dziko lapansi. Komabe, ambiri mwa amene anafawo anali anthu wamba.

Ndipo ku South Sudan - dziko laposachedwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi - anthu masauzande masauzande ambiri aphedwa ndipo 2 miliyoni adathawa nyumba zawo pankhondo yapakati pa boma ndi otsutsa. Milandu yankhondo ndi upandu wotsutsana ndi anthu zidachitika mbali zonse ziwiri.

Mndandanda womwe uli pamwambawu - monga momwe lipoti laposachedwa lapachaka lofotokoza za ufulu wa anthu m'maiko 160 likuwonetsa momveka bwino - silimayamba kuwonekera. Ena anganene kuti palibe chimene chingachitike, kuti nkhondo yakhala ikuwononga anthu wamba, ndipo palibe chomwe chingasinthe.

Izi ndi zolakwika. Ndikofunikira kulimbana ndi kuphwanya malamulo kwa anthu wamba, komanso kuweruza omwe ali ndi mlandu. Njira imodzi yodziwikiratu komanso yothandiza ikuyembekezeka kuchitidwa: Amnesty International yalandila lingaliro, lomwe tsopano likuthandizidwa ndi maboma pafupifupi 40, kuti UN Security Council ikhazikitse malamulo ovomereza kuti asagwiritse ntchito veto modzifunira m'njira yomwe ingalepheretse. Bungwe la Security Council likuchitapo kanthu pakupha anthu, milandu yankhondo komanso milandu yolimbana ndi anthu.

Imeneyo ingakhale sitepe yoyamba yofunika, ndipo ingapulumutse miyoyo yambiri.
Kulephera, komabe, sikunangokhudza kuteteza nkhanza za anthu ambiri. Thandizo lachindunji lakanidwanso kwa mamiliyoni ambiri omwe athawa chiwawa chomwe chasakaza midzi ndi matauni awo.
Maboma omwe akhala akufunitsitsa kuyankhula mokweza za zolephera za maboma ena adziwonetsa okha kuti sakufuna kupita patsogolo ndikupereka chithandizo chofunikira chomwe othawa kwawo amafunikira - pothandizira ndalama, ndi kuperekanso malo. Pafupifupi 2% ya othawa kwawo ochokera ku Syria adakhazikitsidwanso kumapeto kwa 2014 - chiwerengero chomwe chiyenera kuwirikiza katatu mu 2015.

Pakali pano, anthu ambiri othawa kwawo komanso othawa kwawo akutaya miyoyo yawo m'nyanja ya Mediterranean pamene akuyesera kukafika ku Ulaya. Kusowa thandizo kwa mayiko ena a m'bungwe la EU pofufuza ndi kupulumutsa anthu kwachititsa kuti anthu aphedwe modabwitsa.

Njira imodzi imene ingatsatidwe pofuna kuteteza anthu wamba amene ali m’nkhondo ingakhale kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida zophulika m’madera amene kuli anthu ambiri. Izi zikanapulumutsa miyoyo yambiri ku Ukraine, kumene odzipatula ochirikizidwa ndi Russia (ngakhale akukana mosatsimikizika Amnesty International Report 2014/15) - Asilikali a Kyiv onse amayang'ana madera a anthu wamba.

Kufunika kwa malamulo okhudza chitetezo cha anthu wamba kumatanthauza kuti payenera kukhala chilungamo chenicheni pamene malamulowa akuphwanyidwa. Munthawi imeneyi, Amnesty International ikulandila chigamulo cha UN Human Rights Council ku Geneva kuyambitsa kafukufuku wapadziko lonse wokhudza kuphwanya ndi kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu pa nthawi ya nkhondo ku Sri Lanka, komwe m'miyezi ingapo yapitayi ya mkangano ku 2009. anthu wamba masauzande ambiri anaphedwa. Amnesty International yakhala ikuchita kampeni yofufuza ngati izi kwa zaka zisanu zapitazi. Popanda kuyankha koteroko, sitingathe kupita patsogolo.

Mbali zina za ufulu wa anthu zinapitirizabe kufuna kuwongolera. Ku Mexico, kutha kokakamiza kwa ophunzira 43 mu Seputembala chinali chowonjezera chaposachedwa kwa anthu opitilira 22,000 omwe asowa kapena
adasowa ku Mexico kuyambira 2006; Ambiri akukhulupirira kuti adabedwa ndi zigawenga, koma ambiri akuti adazimiririka ndi apolisi ndi asitikali, nthawi zina amachita mogwirizana ndi zigawengazo. Ochepa ozunzidwa omwe matupi awo apezeka amasonyeza zizindikiro za kuzunzidwa ndi kuzunzidwa kwina. Akuluakulu aboma komanso aboma alephera kufufuza za milanduyi kuti atsimikizire kuti nthumwi za boma zingakhudzidwe ndi kuwonetsetsa kuti ozunzidwawo, kuphatikizapo achibale awo atha kuchitidwapo mwalamulo. Kuphatikiza pa kusowa kwa mayankho, boma layesa kubisa vuto laufulu wa anthu ndipo pakhala pali kusalangidwa kwakukulu, katangale ndi kuwonjezereka kwa asilikali.

M’chaka cha 2014, maboma m’madera ambiri a dziko lapansi anapitirizabe kulimbana ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma ndi mabungwe a anthu – zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale kuyamikira kufunikira kwa udindo wa mabungwe. Russia idakulitsa kulimbana kwake ndi "lamulo laothandizira akunja", chilankhulo chodziwika bwino cha Cold War. Ku Egypt, mabungwe omwe siaboma adawona kusokonekera kwakukulu, pogwiritsa ntchito Mubarak-era Law on Associations kutumiza uthenga wamphamvu kuti boma silingalole kusagwirizana kulikonse. Mabungwe akuluakulu omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe anayenera kuchoka ku bungwe la UN Human Rights Council la Universal Periodic Review la mbiri ya ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu ku Egypt chifukwa choopa kubwezera.
Monga mmene zakhalira kale, anthu ochita zionetsero anasonyeza kulimba mtima ngakhale kuti ankaopsezedwa ndiponso ankachitiridwa nkhanza.

Ku Hong Kong, masauzande masauzande ambiri adanyoza ziwopsezo za akuluakulu aboma ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mopitilira muyeso komanso mopanda tsankho ndi apolisi, zomwe zidadziwika kuti "gulu la maambulera", kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wawo wolankhula ndi kusonkhana.

Mabungwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe nthawi zina amatsutsidwa kuti ndi ofunitsitsa kwambiri m'maloto athu opanga kusintha. Koma tiyenera kukumbukira kuti zinthu zodabwitsa ndi zotheka.

Pa Disembala 24, Pangano la Zamalonda la Padziko Lonse la Arms Trade Treaty lidayamba kugwira ntchito, pambuyo podutsa malire ovomerezeka 50 miyezi itatu yapitayo.

Amnesty International ndi ena adachita kampeni ya panganoli kwa zaka 20. Tinauzidwa mobwerezabwereza kuti pangano loterolo linali losatheka. Panganoli lilipo tsopano, ndipo lidzaletsa kugulitsa zida kwa anthu amene angazigwiritse ntchito pochita nkhanza. Izi zitha kukhala ndi gawo lalikulu m'zaka zikubwerazi - pomwe funso lokhazikitsa lidzakhala lofunikira.
2014 idakhala zaka 30 kuyambira kukhazikitsidwa kwa Mgwirizano wa UN motsutsana ndi Kuzunzidwa - Msonkhano wina womwe Amnesty International idachita kampeni kwa zaka zambiri, ndi chifukwa chimodzi chomwe bungweli lidapatsidwa Mphotho ya Mtendere wa Nobel ku 1977.

Chikumbutsochi chinali nthawi imodzi yokondwerera - komanso mphindi yoti muzindikire kuti kuzunzidwa kudakalipo padziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa chomwe Amnesty International idakhazikitsa kampeni yake yapadziko lonse ya Stop Torture chaka chino.

Uthenga wotsutsa kuzunzikawu udachita chidwi chapadera kutsatira kusindikizidwa kwa lipoti la Senate ya US mu Disembala, lomwe lidawonetsa kukonzeka kuvomereza kuzunzidwa pazaka pambuyo pa kuwukira kwa 11 September 2001 ku USA. Zinali zovuta kuti ena owazunza omwe amachititsa kuti zigawezi zizunza zimawonekabe kuti zikhulupirire kuti palibe chomwe angachite manyazi.

Kuchokera ku Washington kupita ku Damasiko, kuchokera ku Abuja kupita ku Colombo, atsogoleri a boma adavomereza kuphwanya koopsa kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe polankhula za kufunika kosunga dziko "lotetezeka". M’chenicheni, chosiyana ndi chimenecho. Kuphwanya malamulo kotereku ndi chifukwa chimodzi chofunika kwambiri chimene tikukhala m’dziko loopsali masiku ano. Sipangakhale chitetezo popanda ufulu waumunthu.

Tawona mobwerezabwereza kuti, ngakhale nthawi zina zomwe zimawoneka ngati zopanda pake paufulu wa anthu - ndipo mwina makamaka nthawi zotere - ndizotheka kupanga kusintha kodabwitsa.

Tiyenera kuyembekezera kuti, poyang'ana mmbuyo ku 2014 m'zaka zikubwerazi, zomwe tidakhalamo mu 2014 zidzawoneka ngati nadir - malo otsika kwambiri - momwe tinanyamuka ndikupanga tsogolo labwino.