Muzoyendetsa ndege, kusamalira kutopa ndizofunikira chifukwa zimachepetsa kuthekera kwa munthu kuchita pafupifupi ntchito zonse. Izi zikuwonekeratu kuti zimagwira ntchito bwino, koma pamene anthu akugwira ntchito zofunika kwambiri pachitetezo, ntchito yotopa ingakhalenso ndi zotsatira za chitetezo. kutopa ndi zotsatira za chilengedwe za physiology yaumunthu.

Chifukwa kutopa kumakhudzidwa ndi ntchito zonse zodzuka (osati zofuna za ntchito zokha), kuwongolera kutopa kuyenera kukhala udindo wogawana pakati pa Boma, opereka chithandizo ndi anthu pawokha.

Mbiri yachidule ya kuthawa ndi/kapena zolepheretsa ntchito

Kwa ogwira ntchito ambiri, maola ogwira ntchito ndi gawo la ntchito ndi malipiro omwe amakhazikitsidwa kudzera mu mgwirizano wa mafakitale kapena malamulo a chikhalidwe cha anthu. Sizinakhazikitsidwe kwenikweni kuchokera kuchitetezo.

Komabe, kufunika kuchepetsa oyendetsa ndege'maola othawa ndi ntchito pofuna kuteteza ndege adadziwika ku ICAO Miyezo ndi Zochita Zolangizidwa (SARPs) m’kope loyamba la Annex 6 lofalitsidwa mu 1949. Panthawiyo, ICAO SARPs inkafuna kuti woyendetsa ndegeyo akhale ndi udindo wokhazikitsa malire a nthawi ya ndege omwe amaonetsetsa kuti “kutopa, kuchitika paulendo wa pandege kapena ndege zotsatizana kapena kuwunjikana pakapita nthawi, sizinaike pangozi chitetezo cha ndege". Malire amenewa anayenera kuvomerezedwa ndi Boma.

Pofika mchaka cha 1995, ICAO SARPs idafuna kuti mayiko akhazikitse nthawi yothawira ndege, nthawi yoyendetsa ndege komanso nthawi yopumira kumayiko ena. oyendetsa ndege ndi oyendetsa ndege. Udindo unali pa Boma kuti lizindikire "malire odziwitsidwa" omwe cholinga chake chinali kuthana ndi chiwopsezo cha kutopa kwa kayendetsedwe ka ndege mdziko lonse. Palibe nthawi yomwe ICAO SARPs adazindikira maulendo enieni othawa ndi ntchito chifukwa zidatsimikizira kuti sizingatheke kuzindikira malire a dziko lonse omwe amawongolera mokwanira zochitika zogwirira ntchito m'madera osiyanasiyana. zolepheretsa ntchito zapakhomo. Mayiko nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito malire a maulendo a ndege ndi maulendo omwewo kwa ogwira ntchito pa helikoputala monga momwe amachitira oyendetsa ndege.

Zolakwika za kuthawa ndi / kapena kulephera kwa ntchito ndikuti kukhala mkati mwawo kumatanthauza kuti ntchito zimakhala zotetezeka nthawi zonse. Kugula muchinyengo ichi kumasonyeza kuti kukonzekera malire ndikokwanira kuthetsa zoopsa zokhudzana ndi kutopa. Komabe, zosintha zaposachedwa za SARP zokhudzana ndi malire azomwe zalembedwa zawonetsa udindo wa wogwiritsa ntchito kuyang'anira zoopsa zawo zokhudzana ndi kutopa mkati mwa malire pogwiritsa ntchito njira zawo za SMS.

Ndiyeno panali FRMS….

Fatigue Risk Management Systems (FRMS) imayimira mwayi kwa ogwira ntchito kuti agwiritse ntchito chuma chawo moyenera ndikuwonjezera kusinthasintha kwa magwiridwe antchito kunja kwa malire omwe amalembedwa, kwinaku akusunga kapena kuwongolera chitetezo. Pokhazikitsa FRMS, udindowo umapita kwa wogwiritsa ntchito kuti atsimikizire ku Boma kuti zomwe akufuna kuchita ndi momwe apitirizira kugwira ntchito pansi pa FRMS, ndizotetezeka.

Mu 2011, ma SARP omwe amathandizira FRMS ngati njira ina yotsatirira malire omwe adalembedwa adapangidwa kuti aziwuluka ndi oyendetsa ndege (Annex 6, Part I). Pa nthawi ya chitukuko, kunali koyenera kuthana ndi nkhawa zomwe oyendetsa ndege angatenge izi ngati mwayi wokonzekera phindu lachuma pamtengo wa chitetezo. Choncho, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amatchedwa “kagwiridwe ka ntchito”, ma FRMS SARPs amakhala odziwikiratu pa zinthu zofunika za FRMS ndipo amafuna chivomerezo cha FRMS ya wogwiritsa ntchito ndi Boma.

Kuyambira pamenepo, ma FRMS SARP ofanana adapangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito paulendo wa helikopita ndi ogwira ntchito ku 2018 (Annex 6, Gawo III, Gawo II).

Koma bwanji za owongolera ndege?

Ngakhale kuti amakhudzidwa ndi zotsatira za chitetezo cha ndege, ICAO SARP sinafunikirepo kuti maola ogwira ntchito azikhala ochepa oyang'anira kayendedwe ka ndege ngakhale Mayiko ena akhala ndi maola oletsa ntchito kwa oyang'anira magalimoto kwa zaka zambiri. Izi zatsala pang'ono kusintha. Zosintha mu Annex 11, zomwe ziyamba kugwira ntchito mu 2020, zidzafuna kuti mayiko a ICAO akhazikitse malire a ntchito ndikulongosola njira zina zoyendetsera owongolera magalimoto apandege. Ponena za ntchito zapadziko lonse lapansi za ndege ndi ma helikopita, mayiko adzakhala ndi mwayi wokhazikitsa malamulo a FRMS kwa opereka chithandizo chamayendedwe apa ndege.

Kutopa kwa SARPs lero

Today, Kuwongolera kutopa kwa ICAO Ma SARP amathandizira njira zowunikira komanso za FRMS zowongolera kutopa monga:

Njira zonsezi zimachokera ku mfundo za sayansi, chidziwitso ndi zochitika zogwirira ntchito zomwe zimaganizira:
- kufunikira kwa kugona mokwanira (osati kungopumula pamene ali maso) kubwezeretsa ndi kusunga mbali zonse za ntchito yodzuka (kuphatikizapo kukhala maso, thupi ndi maganizo, ndi maganizo);
- ma circadian rhythms omwe amayendetsa kusintha kwa kuthekera kogwira ntchito zamaganizidwe ndi thupi, komanso kugona (kutha kugona ndi kugona), kudutsa 24h tsiku;
- kuyanjana pakati pa kutopa ndi kulemetsa kwa ntchito muzotsatira zawo pakugwira ntchito kwa thupi ndi maganizo; ndi
- zochitika zogwirira ntchito komanso chiwopsezo chachitetezo chomwe munthu wotopa akuyimira pankhaniyi.
Mayiko akupitirizabe kukakamizidwa kukhala ndi malire a nthawi yoyendetsa ndege ndi ntchito koma sakukakamizika kukhazikitsa malamulo a FRMS. Kumene malamulo a FRMS amakhazikitsidwa, wogwira ntchito/wopereka chithandizo, sangayendetse chilichonse, zina kapena ntchito zake zonse pansi pa FRMS, atavomerezedwa kutero.
Malamulo oyendetsera kutopa tsopano amapereka maziko, malinga ndi kufanana kwa chitetezo, komwe FRMS imayesedwa.

Pochita…

Mu Airlines: Kusintha kwa Fatigue Management ku Annex 6, Gawo I, mu 2011 kudapangitsa mayiko ambiri kuti awunikenso malamulo awo oletsa oyendetsa ndege potengera mfundo za sayansi ndi chidziwitso (onani bokosi lolemba) ndikuzindikira zina zofunika kuti oyendetsa azitha kuyang'anira zoopsa zomwe zimabwera chifukwa cha kutopa kwawo. malire operekedwa. Mayiko ochepera adawunikiranso malamulo awo oletsa anthu ogwira nawo ntchito.

Muzochitika zonse, ngakhale kuti kukonzanso kumapereka mwayi wokwanira wogona ndi kuchira, kusintha kuthawa komwe kulipo komanso malire a ntchito kumakhalabe ntchito yovuta kwambiri komanso yovuta chifukwa imakhudza ndalama ndi ntchito zomwe zimakhalapo komanso zopinga za mapangano omwe analipo kale. Zimapangidwa kukhala zovuta kwambiri kwa Mayiko omwe malire awo othawa ndi nthawi yawo amavomerezedwa.

Kumene mayiko adawunikiranso malire awo oyendetsa ndege ndi ntchito zawo, kuzindikira kowonjezereka kwa ubale pakati pa kugona ndi magwiridwe antchito kwathandizira kuwonetsa udindo wa membala wa ogwira nawo ntchito ndi oyendetsa ndege kuti athe kuthana ndi kutopa, ndipo nthawi zina zapangitsa kuti malire akhazikike. pamodzi ndi malamulo amene amapangitsa kuti maudindowa akhale omveka bwino, mwachitsanzo, FAA's Fatigue Risk Management Programme, EASA's Fatigue Management zofunika, CASA's Fatigue Management zofunika ndi CAA South Africa's Fatigue Management Program.

Mfundo za sayansi za kayendetsedwe ka kutopa

Nthawi zodzuka ziyenera kuchepetsedwa. Kugona mokwanira (zochuluka ndi khalidwe) nthawi zonse ndizofunikira kuti ubongo ndi thupi libwezeretse.
Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kapena kugona, ngakhale kwa usiku umodzi, kumachepetsa kuthekera kogwira ntchito ndikuwonjezera kugona tsiku lotsatira.
Wotchi ya circadian imakhudza nthawi komanso kugona bwino ndipo imatulutsa kukwera komanso kutsika kwa tsiku ndi tsiku pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana.
Kuchuluka kwa ntchito kungapangitse kuti munthu atope kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa ntchito kumatha kuyambitsa kugona kwa thupi pomwe kuchuluka kwa ntchito kumatha kupitilira mphamvu ya munthu wotopa.

Mayiko ambiri akhazikitsa, kapena akukonzekera kukhazikitsa, malamulo a FRMS, nthawi zambiri polimbikitsa ndege zawo. Vuto la FRMS kwa Mayiko likupitilirabe kukhala ngati ali ndi zothandizira kuti apereke kuyang'anira koyenera kuchokera kumalingaliro asayansi ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito, makamaka ngati malamulo omwewo amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zamaulendo apanyumba. Ngakhale kuti zofunikira za FRMS ndizovuta komanso zimatenga nthawi, ndege zochepa zomwe zakwanitsa kupeza chilolezo cha FRMS panjira zinazake zapeza kuti kusinthasintha kwa magwiridwe antchito ndikoyenera.

Mfundo zanthawi zonse

Dongosolo labwino kwambiri la thupi la munthu ndi ntchito zamasana ndi tulo topanda malire usiku. China chili chonse ndi kunyengerera.
Wotchi ya circadian body clock sigwirizana mokwanira ndi ndandanda zosinthidwa monga ntchito yausiku.
Nthawi iliyonse ikadutsa nthawi yogona ya ogwira nawo ntchito, zitha kuyembekezeka kuchepetsa kugona. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo nthawi yoyambira ntchito, nthawi yomaliza ntchito, ndi ntchito yausiku.
Nthawi yogwira ntchito ikadutsa nthawi yogona ya wogwila ntchito, m'pamenenso wogwila ntchitoyo sangagone mokwanira. Kugwira ntchito mpaka nthawi yogona usiku ndiye vuto lalikulu kwambiri.
Ntchito yausiku imafunanso kugwira ntchito nthawi yonse yozungulira thupi la circadian pamene kutopa ndi kupsinjika maganizo kumakhala koipitsitsa ndipo kuyesayesa kwina kumafunika kukhala tcheru ndi kugwira ntchito.
Wogwira ntchitoyo akakhala maso nthawi yayitali, tcheru ndi kachitidwe kawo kamakhala koipitsitsa.
Pogwira ntchito zotsatizana, osagona mokwanira, ogwira ntchito m'sitimayo adzakhala ndi ngongole ya tulo ndipo mavuto obwera chifukwa cha kutopa adzawonjezeka.
Kuti abweze ngongole ya tulo, ogwira nawo ntchito amafunika kugona mausiku awiri athunthu motsatizana. Kuchuluka kwa nthawi yopuma yopuma kuyenera kugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa ngongole ya kugona.
Sungani kusintha kwakanthawi kochepa, makamaka komwe kumaphwanya kapena kuphatikizira Window of Circadian Low (WOCL).
Nthawi yogwira ntchito yokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito (monga kutera kangapo, kovutirapo komanso nyengo yocheperako) ingafunike kufupikitsidwa ndi kupewedwa ngati kuli kotheka.

Mu Helicopter Operations: Kwa Maiko ena, zosintha zaposachedwa za Annex 6, Gawo II (Ndime II) zawonetsa kufunika kokhazikitsa malire a nthawi yothawa ndi ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito pa helikopita zomwe zikugwirizana bwino ndi momwe ma helikoputala amayendera, m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito malire omwewo. oyendetsa ndege. Mkati mwa malirewo, woyendetsa helikopita akuyembekezeka kupanga ndondomeko za ogwira ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito sayansi yotopa komanso chidziwitso chogwira ntchito komanso chidziwitso.

Buku latsopano lowongolera kutopa kwa oyendetsa ndege za helikopita, lomwe pano likupangidwa ku ICAO, limatchula mfundo zanthawi zonse zochokera ku sayansi ya kutopa kuti ziwongolere oyendetsa ndege pakupanga ndandanda "zozindikira kutopa" zomwe zimapereka mwayi wogona komanso kuchira (onani bokosi).

Chovuta kwambiri pakuchita ntchito za helikopita, komabe, ndikuti ntchito zambiri za helikopita sizimakonzedwa. Ngakhale kuti ena ogwira ntchito za helikopita adzatha kugwira ntchito m'malire ovomerezeka ndikuyang'anira bwino zoopsa za kutopa pogwiritsa ntchito SMS, mitundu yambiri ya ntchito za helikopita, monga zomwe zimafuna mayankho osakonzekera, mwamsanga, mwinamwake paziwopsezo zazikulu, zidzapindula ndi kusinthasintha kwa ntchito. ndi phindu la chitetezo cha FRMS.

Mu Air Traffic Control Services: Chaka chamawa, Mayiko akuyembekezeka kukhazikitsa malire a maola ogwira ntchito kwa oyang'anira magalimoto, pomwe malamulo a FRMS amakhalabe osankha ndipo akhoza kukhazikitsidwa nthawi iliyonse. Komabe, chikhalidwe cha ubale pakati pa Air Navigation Services Provider (ANSP) ndi Boma zidzakhudza momwe kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo oyendetsera kutopa kudzayendera. Nthawi zambiri, Boma limapereka uyang'aniro wa ANSP imodzi yokha ndipo ngakhale pali mchitidwe wakusawitsa anthu wamba, ma ANSP ambiri amakhala a Boma kwathunthu kapena pang'ono.

M'gawo la mafakitale lomwe nthawi zambiri limadzilamulira palokha, kusiyana pakati pa njira yoyendetsera kutopa ndi FRMS kungakhale kosokoneza. Komabe, kuyang'ananso pazachitetezo osati kungofuna bungwe kapena zokonda zamunthu zomwe zitha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zambiri pa momwe ndondomeko za olamulira zimapangidwira mu ANSPs padziko lonse lapansi. Ichi ndi "yang'anani danga ili".

Kuwongolera Kutopa kwa ICAO States

Buku Loyang'anira Njira Zothetsera Kutopa (Doc 9966) lidalandiranso zosintha zina chaka chino - Version 2 (Revised) - ndipo mtundu wosasinthidwa (m'Chingerezi chokha) posachedwa udzalowa m'malo mwa buku lomwe lilipo kuti litsitsidwe. Pano. Patsambali mutha kupezanso zotsatirazi:

Kalozera Wotopa kwa Oyendetsa Ndege (Kusindikiza kwachiwiri, 2)
Kalozera Wotopa Kwa Oyendetsa Ndege Akuluakulu Akuluakulu ndi a Turboject (1st Edition, 2016)
Upangiri Wowongolera Kutopa kwa Opereka Ntchito Zoyenda Pamlengalenga (Kope loyamba, 1)
Buku la Fatigue Management Guide for Helicopter Operators (1st Edition) likuyembekezeka kupezeka kumapeto kwa chaka chino.

Buku la Fatigue Management Guide for Helicopter Operators (1st Edition) likuyembekezeka kupezeka kumapeto kwa chaka chino.

Wolemba, Dr. Michelle Millar, ndi Technical Officer (Human Factors) ndi NGAP Program Manager ku ICAO. Amatsogolera gulu la ICAO FRMS Task Force ndipo wakhala akugwira nawo ntchito yokonza ICAO kuchokera ku 2009.