M'chaka choyambira cha 2019, 19% ya maulendo apandege anali opitilira 4,000 km koma adatulutsa 66% yamafuta omwe amayenera kuchepetsedwa ndi theka pofika 2030.
Pa gawo la "zovuta kutulutsa mpweya", kupititsa patsogolo mafuta oyendetsa ndege (SAF) ndi njira zina zoyendetsera ndege zikuyenda bwino, limodzi ndi njira zaukadaulo ndi ntchito zochepetsera kutulutsa mpweya.
Koma ngakhale onse pamodzi atha kulephera kwambiri kukwaniritsa zolinga zochepetsera mpweya wochokera ku Pangano la Paris lokhudza kusintha kwa nyengo. Chifukwa chake kasamalidwe kofunikira kufunikira. Zida zandalama monga misonkho ndi zolipira zowuluka pafupipafupi sizimakhudzana ndi zinsinsi komanso zapikisano, komanso za kayendetsedwe kazachuma kapadera ndi ntchito zamayendedwe apandege.
Capping Emission Mwachindunji
Koma kutulutsa mpweya mwachindunji ndikotheka ndipo kungakhale ndi zotsatira zotsimikizika.
Chris Lyle akufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane mu op-ed yomwe idasindikizidwa koyamba GreenAirNews zovutazo ndikuyika patebulo lingaliro lokhala ndi mpweya wokwanira ndi ma eyapoti monga nub mumayendedwe amaulendo omwe amawathandizira.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), potsatira Mgwirizano wake wa Paris wa 2015 ndikukhazikika pa mgwirizano womwe ulipo wasayansi, umalimbikitsa kuti mpweya wowonjezera kutentha padziko lonse lapansi uyenera kukwera kwambiri pofika chaka cha 2025 ndikuchepetsedwa ndi theka pofika 2030 mchaka cha 2019, ndi cholinga cha 'kusalowerera ndale' pofika 2050. mayendedwe apamlengalenga akhala akuthandizidwa ndi UNFCCC, ndi International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) ngati wothandizira.
Komabe, amakhalabe pansi pa ambulera ya UNFCCC ndipo, makamaka kutengera momwe gawoli likukhudzira zachuma (komanso kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa Scope 3), akuyembekezeka kukwaniritsa zolinga zomwezo - zomwe zimavomerezedwa ndi makampani, makamaka potengera nthawi yayitali.
Kutulutsa Kwandege komwe Kulipo Sikokwanira
Pali umboni wochulukirachulukira wosonyeza kuti njira zomwe zilipo zochepetsera kutulutsa mpweya wa pandege ndizosakwanira kukwaniritsa zolingazi, kaya zazifupi kapena zazitali.
Kupititsa patsogolo kwaukadaulo ndi kachitidwe kantchito kukucheperachepera ndipo kukukulirakulira chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa magalimoto.
Njira zina zoyendetsera palafini zikukula, ndipo magetsi (batri ndi hydrogen fuel cell) ndi magetsi osakanizidwa akuyembekezeka kukhala ofunika kwambiri m'ma 2030, koma pa ndege zongoyenda zazifupi komanso zazing'ono.
Ma turbines agasi ndi haidrojeni wamadzimadzi, zomwe zimafuna mphamvu zowonjezereka komanso kusintha kwakukulu pamapangidwe a ndege komanso popereka mafuta, sizikuyembekezeka kuti zizigwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri zaka zapakati pazaka zisanafike.
SAF ndiye muyeso wofunikira kwambiri pagawo lomwe ziyembekezo zimayikidwa, koma magwero ozikidwa pazachilengedwe amakumana ndi mafunso okhudzana ndi phindu la moyo wawo wonse, malire pakupereka kwazinthu zopangira, komanso zotchinga pazambiri zofunika, zachuma, ndi makulitsidwe. mpaka pamlingo wamalonda.
Mafuta a Synthetic
Mafuta opangira magetsi (omwe amadziwikanso kuti power-to-liquid), monga ma biofuel, amatha kutsika, kuphatikizanso samatulutsa mpweya uliwonse wotenthetsera mpweya ukugwira ntchito. Komabe, mitengo yawo ikuyenera kukhalabe mu dongosolo la katatu, ngati sichoncho, ya palafini, imafunikira kukula kwakukulu ndipo kupanga kwawo kumafuna mphamvu zambiri zongowonjezwdwa - komanso makamaka wobiriwira wa hydrogen, womwe upitirire. kukhala ndi kupezeka kochepa komanso mpikisano waukulu.
Komanso zachinsinsi komanso mpikisano, njira zandalama zimatsutsana ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kazachuma padziko lonse lapansi - Msonkhano wapadziko lonse wa Chicago, kuphatikiza mapangano opitilira 3,000 komanso mapangano angapo achigawo.
Zambiri mwa izi zikuphatikizapo malamulo omwe amaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zochepetsera mpweya, makamaka misonkho komanso njira zina zoyendetsera msika.
Emissions capping rationale
Pomaliza, njira zakunja monga kuchotsera kaboni, kujambula, ndi kusungirako nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokayikitsa kapena zosatsimikizirika ndipo ziyenera kuonedwa ngati zosintha mokomera kuchepetsedwa kwenikweni kwa mpweya.
Njira zonse zowunikira ndi chitukuko chaukadaulo, kuthamangitsidwa, ndi SAF ziyenera kutsatiridwa, koma zikuwonekeratu kuti ngakhale njira zonsezi zitachitidwa palimodzi pali kufunikira kofunikira kowonjezerapo.
Climate Action Tracker, kusanthula kodziyimira pawokha kwasayansi komwe kumatsatira zomwe boma likuchita ndikuyesa motsutsana ndi Pangano la Paris, kudapezeka mu June 2020 ndikutsimikiziridwa mu Seputembara 2022 kuti njira zochepetsera ndege zapadziko lonse lapansi "zinali zosakwanira kwenikweni", zogwirizana ndi dziko la 4 ° C + .
Kafukufuku wo GE Aerospace pamaso pa Paris Air Show mu June 2023 anasonyeza kuti ngakhale makampani ndege palokha anagawanika ngati ukonde ziro 2050 cholinga anali zotheka, ndi pansi theka la akuluakulu 325 kafukufuku akukhulupirira kuti makampani adzakwaniritsa cholinga chimenecho.
IATA
Pamsonkhano waposachedwa wapachaka wa 2024 wa International Air Transport Association (IATA), panali zonena zingapo zapagulu zochirikiza cholinga chimenecho, koma chiyembekezo sichinawonekere kuti chikupita patsogolo chaka chatha.
Zodetsa nkhawa zazikulu zidanenedwa kuti kukwaniritsidwa kwa zolinga zosiyanasiyana za SAF - makamaka zomwe ICAO ikufuna kuchepetsa 5% padziko lonse lapansi mu carbon intensity pofika chaka cha 2030 - sizinatheke chifukwa cha zovuta zowunikira moyo wonse, kukwera, ndi kutsika kwamitengo. .
Mu Epulo chaka chino, IATA idatulutsa lipoti, 'The Aviation Net Zero CO2 Transition Pathways Comparative Review', yomwe ikuwonetsa kuti pali kusatsimikizika kwakukulu pamayendedwe apano ndi njira zopezera ziro.
Misewu 14 ikuluikulu yapadziko lonse lapansi komanso yachigawo yomwe imatulutsa mpweya wa CO2 yomwe yawunikiridwa idakhazikitsidwa pamalingaliro osiyanasiyana, mikhalidwe, ndi zopinga.
Onse akuganiza kuti SAF ikhala ndi udindo pakuchepetsa kwambiri CO2 pofika 2050, koma zopereka zawo zimasiyana 24% mpaka 70%.
Palinso kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa zomwe zanenedweratu za mpweya wotsalira pofika chaka cha 2050, zomwe zingafunike kupitiliza kugwidwa kwa kaboni kapena njira zotengera msika.
Potengera zomwe tafotokozazi, kufunikira kopanga ma capping oyendetsa ndege tsopano kwabwera pa radar. Mwachitsanzo, lipoti la kafukufuku wathunthu
mu 2023 Travel Foundation adapeza gawo limodzi lokha laulendo ndi zokopa alendo kuti akwaniritse ziro pofika 2050 komanso zomwe zikuphatikiza kuchepetsa kukula kwamayendedwe apamlengalenga, kuphatikiza kuyika ma nyali akutali (kupitilira 3,500 km) mpaka 2019.
Capping Air Transport Emissions
Kuchepetsa mpweya wotuluka m'ndege - m'malo mwa kuchuluka kwa maulendo apandege kapena kudzera munjira zamitengo ndi zovuta zake - zitha kukhala zachindunji komanso zopatsa chidwi.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo lochepetsera mpweya wokwanira molingana ndi zolinga za Pangano la Paris kungapereke malire omwe adayikidwiratu, ndipo, poyambira pomwe njira zina sizikukwanira, zitha kukhala dalaivala wamkulu pakuchepetsa. Chododometsa chikupeza njira yothandiza kwambiri yochitira izi.
Mosasamala kanthu za 'mwini' wa mpweya wotuluka mundege - womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala wa anthu okwera kapena onyamula katundu makamaka onyamulira ndege, omwe makamaka amayang'aniridwa - njira yabwino yochepetsera mpweyawu ndi eyapoti.
Kuchuluka kwazinthu zodzikonda komanso zachinsinsi kwa okwera/otumiza, ndege, ndi osewera ena amsika zikutanthauza kuti malamulo aboma ndiwofunikira. Kutulutsa mpweya wokwanira m'mabwalo a ndege monga cholumikizira ndizotheka malinga ndi zomwe zilipo kale ndipo zitha kukhala zothandiza kwambiri.
Kuphatikizika kwa ntchito za SAF kumayendetsedwa bwino ndi eyapoti ndipo mwa zitsanzo zaposachedwa ndi boma la Singapore ndizosangalatsa kwambiri.
Mu february 2024, idalengeza kuti SAF ikuphatikiza zolinga za ndege zonyamuka kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kuyambira 2026, pamenepa, kuti azilipidwa pang'ono ndi msonkho wapaulendo womwe umasiyana malinga ndi mayendedwe ndi mtunda (m'magulu).
Izi zikugwirizana ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimagwira ntchito ku 2023 Amsterdam Schiphol flight capping proposal, yomwe cholinga chake chinali kumveka kwa phokoso ndi mpweya wakumaloko m'malo mochepetsa mpweya ndipo zidatsutsana ndi njira yogwirizana padziko lonse lapansi 'yowongolera phokoso la ndege.
Kuyankha kwa Airport
Pakali pano, mpweya wotuluka umene umawunikidwa kuti ukhale ndi mlandu pa eyapoti ndi wochepa pa kampasi. Mpweya woperekedwa ku eyapoti ukhoza kungokhala zochitika za eyapoti za Scope 1, ngakhale mochulukirachulukira zikuphatikiza gawo lazambiri zotulutsa za Scope 2.
Komabe, chofunikira kwambiri, samaphatikizapo mpweya wochokera ku ndege zomwe ma eyapoti amapatsa mphamvu. Komanso, mpweya wotuluka m'ndege zapadziko lonse lapansi pano umaperekedwa mosiyana ndi womwe umapangidwa ndi ndege zapanyumba komanso kuperewera kwa mpweya wotuluka m'mayendedwe apamtunda ndi mabizinesi opangidwa mozungulira ma eyapoti ndi ndege zonse.
Mabwalo a ndege atha kukhala othandizira kwambiri pakuchepetsa mpweya wotuluka m'ndege ngati kuyankha kwawo kukafika ku mtundu wa Scope 3 womwe umakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya wotuluka m'ndege zomwe zimanyamuka kupita komwe akupita koyamba, kaya akunyumba kapena kumayiko ena.
Kuchepetsa mpweya, osati ndege
Njira yotengera nyengo ingakhale yochepetsera osati kuchuluka kwa ndege koma m'malo mwake kuchuluka kwa mpweya wotuluka m'gawo loyamba la ndege zonse zonyamuka, kaya ndi zokwera, ma combi, kapena ndege zonyamula katundu. Deta yokhudzana ndi CO2 yochokera ku ntchito zapakhomo iyenera kupezeka mosavuta kudziko lonse ndipo deta yochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana, yonse komanso pamayendedwe apawokha, ikupezeka kudzera m'magwero osiyanasiyana, makamaka kuphatikiza dongosolo la Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification system ya ICAO.
Ngakhale sizinakhazikitsidwe ndi boma, zambiri zofunikira zimapezekanso kuchokera ku mabungwe monga Google Flights ndiTravalyst. Kwa ma eyapoti akuluakulu 1,300 padziko lonse lapansi adayikidwa kale kuyambira 2019 ndi volumeAirport Tracker, pulojekiti yoyesa kuwona momwe ma eyapoti padziko lonse lapansi akukhudzira nyengo.
Ngati deta ingakhale yosakwanira, mpweya womwe umawunikidwa kuchokera kumafuta okwezedwa ndi ndege ungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati wowonjezera.
Njira yokhazikika - pabwalo la ndege kapena gulu la ma eyapoti omwe akutumikira mzinda womwewo - ingatsatire malangizo a UNFCCC poyambira ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa 2025 ndikuchepetsedwa chaka chilichonse mpaka theka la magawo a 2019 mu 2030.
Kupitilira nthawi imeneyo, pakadali pano ndi zokhumba komanso zongopeka. Ma Parameters oti agwiritse ntchito kupitilira 2030 atha kupangidwa pambuyo pake; mofananamo, mipherezero ya mpweya wopanda CO2 ukhoza kuphatikizidwa kamodzi kukhudzidwa kotsimikizika kwa iwo kuvomerezedwa - ngakhale kuti kuyika malire pa kutulutsa kwa CO2 kungangochepetsa zomwe sizili za CO2.
Zambirizi zikuyimira gawo loyamba la maulendo apandege opita ku eyapoti yayikulu yaku Europe (zosinthidwa kuti ziwonetsere kuchuluka kwa mpweya wokwana 10 MtCO2 mu 2019 ndipo theka la 5 MtCO2, la 2030).
Pali chiwonjezeko chonse cha 3% cha mpweya wotuluka mu 2025 kupitilira 2019. Kuchepetsa kumodzi komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pagulu lonse, mosasamala kanthu za mtunda.
Monga tawonetsera, mchaka choyambira cha 2019, 19% ya maulendo apandege onyamuka anali opitilira 4,000 km koma adatulutsa 66% yamafuta.
Zopereka zaulendo wautali ndizokwera kwambiri kuposa izi m'malo akuluakulu monga Paris Charles de Gaulle, Frankfurt kapena London Heathrow.
Chipinda chaching'ono chowongolera
Pangakhale mpata wocheperako wowongolera kapena kuwongolera mtunda pakati paotalikirana chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mpweya womwe umatulutsa paulendo wautali. Komabe, ntchitoyo ikhoza kusinthidwa molingana ndi momwe dziko liliri komanso mfundo zake, mwachitsanzo pogawika magulu awiri kapena atatu owuluka molingana ndi mtunda wocheperako, popereka kukhululukidwa pang'ono kunjira zazikulu zamaulendo apamtunda, kapena poganizira. carbon intensity (kutsika kwa nthawi yayitali).
Kumene lingaliroli limakhudza gulu la eyapoti, magawo osiyanasiyana angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa eyapoti iliyonse potengera magawo amsika osiyanasiyana.
Chilungamo Chanyengo
Potsatira chilungamo cha nyengo ndi mfundo ya UNFCCC ya Maudindo Ofanana koma Osiyana, anthu atha kupatsidwa mwayi wopita kumayiko Osatukuka Kwambiri, Maiko Osatukuka Kwambiri, Maiko Osatukuka Kwambiri, ndi Maiko Otukuka a Zilumba Zing'onozing'ono, ndi kapu (ma) ndege ena akuchepetsedwa. rata
Maudindo Osiyanasiyana
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito zipewa, monganso lero, idzadutsa munjira yogawa malo a eyapoti.
Ngakhale kugaŵirako kutengera mpweya wotuluka m'ndege, m'malo mongouluka chabe, kungapangitse kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yovuta kwambiri, izi zikhala bwino m'kati mwa zotheka, zokhala ndi maulendo ochepa okwera ndege komanso kuwononga nthawi.
Zomwezo zitha kuchitidwa m'dziko lonselo, ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kapena kuchepetsa komwe kumatsimikiziridwa ndi njira zina zochepetsera kutulutsa mpweya zomwe zikuchitika kudziko lomwe likukhudzidwa. Njira yotereyi yapadziko lonse, ngati itapangidwa mosamala ndikugwira ntchito kwa onse onyamula pabwalo la ndege, sikungaphwanye mgwirizano wa Chicago kapena mapangano a ndege. Ngakhale zochita za mayiko ochepa zingathandize, makamaka mu dongosolo logwirizana.
Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa njira za SAF ndi zolimbikitsa, komanso njira zina zolimbikitsira kwa nthawi yayitali, zowongolera pakuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wa pandege zikuyenera kukhala, kapena kutsalira, kuti zolinga za Paris zitheke. Pakufunika kuti CO2 ifike pachimake tsopano kwangotsala chaka chimodzi, kuthana ndi vutoli kwachedwa kwambiri.
Nkhaniyi idapangidwa kuti ilimbikitse kutsutsana, kufufuza, ndi kulengeza moyenerera.
