Machu Picchu: Zinsinsi zakumwamba


M’malo a mitengo ya kanjedza ndi nkhalango zobiriŵira zobiriŵira, nkhungu ya m’maŵa kwambiri imaphwanyidwa ndi mapiri osatha bwino okhala ndi chipale chofeŵa. Ulendowu womwe umayenda ndi alendo osawerengeka tsiku lililonse ndi njira yomweyi yomwe Hiram Bingham ankayenda kumapeto kwa chaka cha 1911. Masiku ano timasangalala ndi sitima yapamtunda - yotsatiridwa ndi kukwera basi yabwino komanso kuyenda pakati pa ma llamas.

“Ingakhale nkhani yosautsa mtima yodzadza ndi kubwerezabwereza ndi zinthu zabwino koposa ndikanayesa kufotokoza masitepe osaŵerengeka, maphompho aatali ndi maonekedwe osinthasintha nthaŵi zonse,” analemba motero Bingham ponena za ulendowo m’buku lake lakuti Lost City of the Incas.

Sitimayo ikafika pamudzipo, alendo odzaona malo amakwera mabasi ang'onoang'ono kuti ayambe kukwera komaliza. Msewu wafumbi wokhotakhota ukukwera pamwamba pa matanthwe ndi mapiri ochititsa chidwi mpaka mawonekedwe ochititsa chidwi akuwonekera. Pamwamba pa phirili pamakhala zoonekeratu kuti pali nyumba zambiri zomangidwa ndi miyala ndi masitepe.

"Pokhala ndi nkhalango kutsogolo ndi madzi oundana m'mwamba," amawerenga mawu a Bingham zaka pafupifupi XNUMX zapitazo, "Ngakhale njira yomwe inkadziwika kuti inali yovuta - ngakhale kuti inkayenda mosasamala ndi kutsika masitepe a miyala nthawi zina. mbali ya phompho… Tinapita patsogolo pang’onopang’ono, koma tinkakhala kudera lodabwitsa.”

Zimatengera nthabwala zakuthengo kuti tiganizire momwe munthu aliyense angapitire kutali kwambiri monga Inca kuti amange malo pano. Komabe, yomwe ili pamwamba pa Andes ya ku Peru pamtunda wa mamita 2,500 pamwamba pa nyanja pakati pa mapiri oletsedwa ndipo kwenikweni mkati mwa mitambo ndi Machu Picchu, malo odabwitsa omwe anasiyidwa ndi olamulira a nthawi imodzi a ku South America, Inca Empire.

Masiku ano Machu Picchu ndi defacto tawuni yochititsa chidwi. Kwa zaka pafupifupi zana lakhala likudodometsa ndi kuchititsa chidwi akatswiri ndi anthu wamba mofananamo, pokhala nkhani ya nthano, zowona, zopeka ndi nkhani zazitali pamene olemba nthano amapanga mitundu yopikisana ya zomwe zinalipo kale pano. Zakhalanso zonyamulira mbendera zamayendedwe auzimu, kuyambira ma hippies kupita m'tsogolo, momwe owongolera amayenda mozungulira alendo ozungulira malowa akumawadyetsa ndi nkhani zosayembekezereka.

Magulu auzimu "Aphatikiza zinthu zingapo, zina zomwe zidatengedwa kuchokera ku zikhulupiriro zamakono za Andean, koma zina zochokera ku North America kapena zikhulupiriro zaku India," akutero Richard Burger, pulofesa wa Yale University komanso katswiri wodziwika bwino wa Machu Picchu, " Ena amatengedwanso ku Celtic - ndipo ndani akudziwa, mwina zikhulupiriro za ku Tibetan. "

Pamene anthu akhala ndi chidwi ndi zinthu zauzimu, otsogolera a Machu Picchu asanduka asing'anga kapena ansembe achibadwidwe, Burger akuti, omwe atulutsa nkhani zamitundumitundu zomwe akudziwa kuti anthu azisangalala nazo. Komabe Burger akudandaula kuti zambiri mwa nthanozi sizikugwirizana kwenikweni ndi Machu Picchu. Otsogolera amafotokoza nthano zamphamvu zachinsinsi kapena kuchita miyambo ndi miyambo.

"Otsogolera m'malingaliro mwanga ali ngati osewera a Catskill. Amapita patsogolo pa khamu la anthu lolimba ndikuwona momwe alendo amachitira ndi nkhani zomwe akunena. Kutengera ndi momwe angachitire, izi zitha kukhala zogwirizana ndi malangizo omwe adzalandira - kapena kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amakhala paulendo wonse osasokera. ”

Ngakhale Walt Disney amafotokoza zake zake za nthano ya Inca mufilimu yamakatuni The Emperors New Clothes. Ngakhale kuti nkhani ya Disney ya mfumu Cusco kusinthidwa mwamatsenga kukhala llama ndi yopeka, mwa njira yake yomwe nkhani ina yapadziko lapansi imathandizira kuti pakhale nthano za akatswiri amisiri ndi ankhondo a Inca.

Kanema wamakanema wa Walt Disney The Emperors New Groove, monga mndandanda wa Stephen Spielberg waku Indiana Jones kapena zithunzi za Mel Gibson zachitukuko chakale cha Amaya ku Apocalypto zathandizira chikhalidwe chodziwika kuti chisinthe zitukuko zakale kukhala zithunzi zake. Machu Picchu ndi osiyana.

"Zikuwonekeratu kuti Machu Picchu adapangidwira Inca Pachacuti yemwe anali wolamulira wodabwitsa. Anali ophatikizana ndi munthu wosamvetsetseka komanso wandale kwambiri,” akutero Jorge A. Flores Ochoa, katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu pa National University of Cusco, “Iye anasankha malo apadera kwambiri monga Machu Picchu chifukwa ndi odabwitsa kwambiri kuposa chinthu china chilichonse.”

“Iye anasintha chipembedzo cha Inca m’nyengo yaifupi kwambiri, zaka makumi asanu, ndipo ananyadira kwambiri kukongola kwa Ainka. Boma linali lamphamvu kwambiri ndipo linkalamulira pafupifupi chilichonse. M’lingaliro limeneli Ainka anali ndi uinjiniya wamphamvu kwambiri ndi wabwino kwambiri. Zolemba zawo zinali zabwino kwambiri. ”

Umboni womaliza wa Umboni wa Inca ukusonyeza kuti ntchito yomanga malo a Machu Picchu inayamba cha m’ma 1450, ndipo akuganiza kuti inasiyidwa zaka 80 pambuyo pake. Anthu a ku Spain adzagonjetsa dziko la Peru mu 1532, ndi kugonjetsedwa komaliza kwa Inca mu 1572.

Muyenera kungoyenda pabwalo la ndege la likulu la Peru, Lima, ndipo mumazindikira msanga kukula komwe Machu Picchu adapeza pano. Pazikwangwani zamabizinesi amakampani a kirediti kadi kupita kumakampani ogulitsa nyumba, mbiri yakale ya Machu Picchu yakhala gulu lapamwamba kwambiri mdziko lomwe lili pachiwopsezo chifukwa chakugonjetsa kwa Spain m'maikowa.

"A Incas anali gulu lokonzekera nkhondo," akutero Rodolfo Florez Usseglio wa ku Hidden Treasure Peru, wochita bizinesi yachikhalidwe ku Cusco yemwe amapeza ndalama posonkhanitsa nkhani za chikhalidwe cha dziko lino, "Anagonjetsa madera osiyanasiyana, kuchokera Kumwera kwa Chile, Argentina kupita ku Panama. Iwo anali apamwamba mu sayansi ya nkhondo ndipo anali ngakhale gulu lomwe linali ndi kulankhulana kwakukulu ”

"Gululi linali lalikulu - pakati pa zabwino kwambiri padziko lapansi. Anthu a ku Spain atabwera kuno anachititsa mantha kwambiri. Chimodzi chomwe sitinachigonjetsebe. "

Ku Peru, komwe umphawi ukhoza kumveka bwino, cholowa cha Machu Picchu ndi dziko lamphamvu lomwe Inca adalenga ndi chikumbutso chakuti dziko lino lidali mphamvu yapadziko lonse yomwe iyenera kuwerengedwa.

Kuzindikira kwamakono kwa Machu Picchu kumayamba ndi wamkulu kuposa moyo wa wofufuza waku America Hiram Bingham III, yemwe adadziwika kuti adapezanso malowa mu 1911, ndikuyika malowa pamapu pamaso pa dziko lapansi.

Mzinda Wotayika wa Incas Bingham unasindikiza zomwe anapeza mu National Geographic Magazine ndipo analemba Lost City of the Incas wotchuka, nkhani yomwe inayenda padziko lonse lapansi; ngakhale kuvutitsidwa ndi zomwe pambuyo pake zinapezeka kuti ndi nthano ndi malingaliro, monga chikhulupiriro chakuti Machu Picchu unali mzinda nkomwe. Burger, yemwe adawunikiranso zomwe Bingham adapeza, adatsimikiza kuti inali malo achifumu.

“Ndikuganiza kuti Bingham analakwitsa,” akutero Burger, “vuto limodzi limene sanathe kulithetsa linali lakuti anaphunzitsidwa monga katswiri wa mbiri yakale. Chotero zinali zovuta kwambiri kwa iye kuona umboni wofukulidwa m’mabwinja monga maziko amphamvu a kulingalira.”

"Momwe amaganizira monga wolemba mbiri yakale ndikuti panali kumvetsetsa kwatsatanetsatane komwe kulipo kuchokera m'mbiri yakale ndikuti ngati akanatha kukwanira zomwe adapeza - zotsalira zathupi izi - munjira imeneyo, zikanakhala bwino. Chodabwitsa, ngati chilipo, ndikuti adapeza malo omwe ndi ovuta kwambiri kuchita nawo. Anapeza malo amene sanatchulidwepo, malo amene anthu a ku Spain sanasangalale nawo.”

Bingham anafotokoza kuti malowa anali likulu lokhalidwa ndi ansembe amene ankalambira dzuŵa limodzi ndi gulu losankhidwa la anamwali adzuŵa otchulidwa mwambi. Malowa adanenedwanso ndi Bingham kuti anali malo obadwira a Inca. Komabe, zapezedwa kwa zaka zambiri kuti palibe chilichonse chochirikiza mfundo zimenezi.

Mkangano pagulu la Machu Picchu Mkangano wofunikira kwambiri pa Machu Picchu ndi nkhondo yomwe ikukulirakulira kwa zotsalira zomwe Bingham adasonkhanitsa paulendo wake woyamba. Wofufuzayo adachotsa zinthu zokaphunzira ku Yale's Peabody Museum pamkangano womwe boma la Peru lero likunena kuti likadabweza zinthuzo mwachangu ataphunzira. Komabe, patha zaka pafupifupi 2007, ndipo dziko la Peru likufuna kuti abwerere. Ngakhale mgwirizano pakati pa Yale University ndi boma la Peru la Alan Garcia mu 3,000, mkanganowo unakula kwambiri chaka chino pamene zinadziwika kuti chiwerengero cha zinthu zomwe zimakhala ku Yale - zomwe poyamba zinkaganiziridwa kuti zinali pafupi ndi 40,000 - tsopano akuti kukhala oposa XNUMX.

Momwe anthu aku Peru amawonera izi, Hiram Bingham idangokhala mutu wina wakale wautsamunda wa dzikolo pomwe mbali za mbiri yawo ndi chikhalidwe chawo zidachotsedwa, kulembedwanso, ndikulembedwa kuti apindule ndi ena, komanso kutchuka.

"Vuto si Bingham, vuto ndilo maganizo a yunivesite ya Yale ponena za kusonkhanitsa Machu Picchu," akutero katswiri wofukula mabwinja Luis Lumbreras, yemwe kale anali mtsogoleri wa Instituto National de Cultura, yemwe amadziwa bwino za nkhaniyi. "Vuto ndi momwe dziko langa lilili, malamulo anga ku Peru komanso chilolezo chomwe chinapangitsa kuti zitheke kutumiza zosonkhanitsazo."

Ngakhale kuti wamkulu adavomera kubweza gawo lalikulu la zosonkhanitsidwa za Machu Picchu, Lumbreras amangopatula zomwe Yale adakhazikitsa pankhani yomanga nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale zosungiramo zinthuzo asanaone kubwerera kwawo. Yale akuyimba kuwombera, Lumbreras akumva, ndipo sakonda.

"Zaka makumi asanu ndi anayi pambuyo pake malingaliro a Yale ali bwino, koma ... 'tidzabwezera zosonkhanitsazo ngati muli ndi nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale monga momwe ndikufunsa', Yale yaikulu. N’zosathekadi.”

Pulofesa Burger waku Yale akutsutsa, komabe, kuti mfundo zoletsa zotumiza kunja kwa zosonkhanitsa za Machu Picchu zidangogwira ntchito pamaulendo ake apambuyo pake - pomwe wofufuzayo sanasangalale ndi chithandizo chofanana ndi boma la Peru. Kumvetsetsa kwa zosonkhanitsa zakale, Burger akutsutsa, kunali kuti zinthuzo zidatengedwa kupita ku United States, 'kwamuyaya'.

Kulowa & Kufika Alendo ambiri omwe akuyenda ulendo wopita ku Machu Picchu adzafika ku Lima, ndikutsatiridwa ndi ola limodzi ndi kotala kupita ku Cusco, chomwe chinali likulu lenileni la ufumu wa Inca. Kumeneku mwachionekere mudzalandiridwa ndi anthu akumaloko ndi tiyi wa masamba a coca amene amati amachepetsa zotsatira za matenda a m’mwamba. Cusco ndi mipingo yake ndi nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale zimapanga mzinda wokongola womwe uli ndi cholowa chapadera chomanga ndi mbiri yakale chomwe chili choyenera kuwona. Ngakhale Machu Picchu ndiye mwala mu korona, pali malo ambiri mu Chigwa Chopatulika. Pali chiwonetsero chopepuka komanso chomveka pamalo omwe ofukula mabwinja a Ollantaytambo, komanso linga lalikulu la Sucsayhuaman.
Zambiri pazaulendo wopita ku Peru zitha kupezeka kudzera ku PromPerú, komiti yowona zokopa alendo mdziko muno, Calle Uno Oeste N ° 50 - Urb. Córpac - Lima 27, Peru. [51] 1 2243131, http://www.promperu.gob.pe

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