Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa malipoti, ziwerengero zenizeni zimakhala zovuta kuzitsimikizira. Komabe, zochitika monga kuwononga minda ya mpesa zitha kuwononga ndalama zambiri kwa ogulitsa vinyo, kuyambira makumi masauzande mpaka mamiliyoni a madola, kutengera kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka ndi mtengo wa mpesa ndi mbewu zomwe zakhudzidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, zovuta zazachuma zimapitilira kutayika kwachindunji ndikuphatikizanso ndalama zomwe zimayenderana ndi kukhazikitsa njira zachitetezo, milandu, komanso kuwononga mbiri yamtundu. Pamene chinyengo cha vinyo ndipo zolakwa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mafakitale zimatha kuchitika m'madera osiyanasiyana, madera ena amatha kukhala ndi zovuta izi kuposa ena.
Malo Odziwika Kwambiri Pamilandu ya Vinyo
France
France, m'modzi mwa otsogola padziko lonse lapansi opanga vinyo komanso komwe amakhala ndi mayina otchuka monga Bordeaux, Burgundy, ndi Champagne, adawona milandu ya vinyo. M'madera osiyanasiyana a dzikolo, kunamiziridwa kwa vinyo wodziwika bwino, kulemba molakwika, ndi katangale wa vinyo. Madera ngati Bordeaux, Burgundy, ndi Champagne akhala akuchitiridwa zachiwembu monga kuba mphesa, kuba vinyo, komanso kuwononga minda yamphesa, makamaka nthawi yokolola mphesa zitacha. Kuba mphesa kwanenedwa kuti kumawononga malo ogulitsa vinyo m'madera monga Burgundy ndi Bordeaux makumi mamiliyoni a mayuro pachaka. Kuwonongeka kwachuma kwa e chifukwa chakuba kwa vinyo komanso chinyengo kukuyembekezeka kukhala pafupifupi € 1 biliyoni pachaka.
Italy
Madera a Tuscany, Piedmont, ndi Puglia akhudzidwa makamaka ndi nkhani monga kusakanizikana kosaloledwa kwa vinyo, kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya mphesa yosaloleka, komanso kupeka kwa zilembo zodziwika bwino monga Brunello di Montalcino ndi Barolo komanso kuba mphesa, kuba vinyo, ndi kuwononga minda ya mpesa, kaŵirikaŵiri kumaphatikizapo magulu aupandu wolinganiza. Ndalama zogulira makampaniwa akuti zimapanga phindu lapachaka la € 3 biliyoni kudzera mu malonda oletsedwa a vinyo wakuba.
California, United States
Ku United States, makampani opanga vinyo ku California akhala akulimbana ndi anthu achinyengo. Milandu yakuba vinyo wabodza, makamaka yokhudzana ndi mavinyo apamwamba ochokera ku Napa Valley ndi Sonoma County, yadziwika. Kuonjezera apo, mchitidwe wa "kuchapa vinyo," kumene vinyo wotsika kwambiri amaperekedwa ngati mitundu yamtengo wapatali, wakhala wodetsa nkhawa. Napa Valley ndi Sonoma County ku California, omwe amadziwika ndi vinyo wapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, akumana ndi zochitika zakuba mphesa, kuwononga katundu, ndi kuba kwa vinyo wamtengo wapatali m'malo osungiramo vinyo ndi malo osungiramo. Ku Napa Valley ku California, kuba mphesa kumawononga ndalama zokwana madola mamiliyoni ambiri chaka chilichonse, ndipo malipoti ena akusonyeza kuti kutayika kwa ndalama zokwana madola 10 miliyoni pachaka.
Spain
Imadziwika chifukwa cha madera ake osiyanasiyana avinyo, Spain idakumanapo ndi zachinyengo za vinyo, monga kulembedwa molakwika kwa vinyo kuti awatchule ngati zilembo zapamwamba kapena kuwonjezera zinthu zosaloleka kuvinyo. Madera monga Rioja, Ribera del Duero, ndi Priorat akumanapo ndi kuba mphesa ndi kuba vinyo, makamaka zokhuza vinyo wamtengo wapatali. Ku Spain, zotayika chifukwa chakuba vinyo zikuyembekezeka kukhala pakati pa € 70-100 miliyoni pachaka.
China
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mavinyo abwino ku China, dzikolo lakhala chandamale chachikulu cha anthu ogulitsa vinyo wabodza. Mitundu yabodza yamavinyo odziwika a ku France ndi ku Italiya apezeka, kutengera mwayi wodziwa pang'ono wa ogula komanso kusakhalapo kwa njira zotsimikizira.
Australia
Madera a vinyo ku Australia (mwachitsanzo, Barossa Valley, Yarra Valley, ndi Margaret River) akumana ndi zovuta zakuba mphesa komanso kuwononga minda yamphesa.
South Africa
Chigawo cha Western Cape ku South Africa, komwe kuli madera a vinyo monga Stellenbosch ndi Franschhoek, awona milandu yakuba mphesa ndi kuba kwa vinyo m'minda yamphesa ndi minda ya mpesa.
New Zealand
New Zealand sanatetezedwe kumilandu yokhudzana ndi vinyo. Ngakhale kuti mbiri yake ya milandu yotereyi siingakhale yochuluka monga momwe imachitira m'madera ena, kuba minda ya mpesa kumabweretsa vuto lalikulu. Makamaka nthawi yokolola, mphesa, kuphatikiza mitundu yamtengo wapatali monga Pinot Noir ndi Sauvignon Blanc, imapangidwa chifukwa chakuba mwachindunji m'minda yamphesa. Chinyengo cha vinyo chilinso chodetsa nkhawa, kuyambira pakulemba molakwika mpaka kuyimira molakwika chiyambi kapena mtundu wake, kusokoneza mabotolo avinyo ndikupereka zinthu za subpar ngati zofunika. Onyenga nthawi zambiri amatengera zilembo za vinyo za ku New Zealand, monga Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc kapena Central Otago Pinot Noir, kugulitsa zolemba zawo ngati zolemba zenizeni. Mbiri ya New Zealand yopangira vinyo wapamwamba kwambiri yapangitsa kuti ikhale yosangalatsa m'misika yapadziko lonse, koma mwatsoka izi zimakopanso achifwamba.
Vinyo Milandu ndi Universal
Ngakhale umbanda wa vinyo utha kuchitika kulikonse, madera omwe ali ndi mafakitale odziwika bwino komanso otchuka nthawi zambiri amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu chifukwa chopeza phindu lalikulu kuchokera kuzinthu zachinyengo. Kuyesera kuthana ndi chinyengo cha vinyo kumaphatikizanso njira zotsatirira, njira zotsimikizirika zotsogola, ndi malamulo okhwima ndi kutsatiridwa.
Malo opangira vinyo ndi minda ya mpesa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zotetezera, monga njira zowunikira, kumanga mipanda, ndi kulemba olemba ntchito zachitetezo kuti aletse ndikuletsa zigawenga. Komabe, khalidwe lapamwamba la malonda a vinyo likupitirizabe kukhala chandamale chokopa kwa achifwamba. Ngakhale kuti ziŵerengero zolondola zapadziko lonse sizikupezeka, ziŵerengero zomwe zilipo zikusonyeza kuti umbanda wa m’minda ya mpesa ndi malo opangiramo vinyo umachititsa kuti malonda a vinyo awonongeke mabiliyoni ambiri pachaka pachaka.
© Dr. Elinor Garely. Nkhani yakulemba, kuphatikiza zithunzi, sizingatengeredwe popanda chilolezo cholemba kuchokera kwa wolemba.
Ili ndi gawo 4 la magawo atatu.
Werengani Gawo 1 Pano: Zigawenga Zimayang'ana Mavinyo ndi Minda Yamphesa
Werengani Gawo 2 Pano: Kuchotsa Choonadi: Kuwululira Zachinyengo Zavinyo ndi Zolakwa Zina, Kuteteza Ogula
Werengani Gawo 3 Pano: Upandu M'Munda Wamphesa
