Zaka za m'ma 1970, 80 ndi 90 zinali zaka zamdima kwa anyani akuluakulu ku Africa. Anyani a gorila ndi anyani akhala akukumana ndi mikangano yosalekeza, kuzunzidwa komanso kupha anthu. Komabe, chifukwa cha ntchito ya Jane Goodall ndi Dian Fossey motsogoleredwa ndi Dr. Louis Leakey, maganizo a anthu pa anyani akuluakuluwa asintha.

Jane Goodall atapambana bwino ndi anyani ku Gombe Tanzania, Dr. Leaky anaona kuti kafukufuku wofananawo ayenera kuchitidwa ndi anyani a m'mapiri m'chigawo cha Virunga ndi anyani a ku Indonesia. Chikondi cha Goodall pa anyani chinamuthandiza kuphunzira ndi kuphunzira makhalidwe ovuta kuchokera kwa anyani akuluakuluwa. Anazindikira kuti anyani amakhala m’madera ovuta kwambiri ndipo anali ndi makhalidwe angapo monga kumenyana ndi adani oyandikana nawo. Anachitanso bwino kufotokoza mmene anyani angachitire chifundo, achikondi komanso ochita zinthu mwanzeru. Kupambana kwa Goodall pamodzi ndi chilimbikitso cha Dr. Leakey kunapangitsa Dian Fossey kukhala katswiri wa primatologist ndipo kenako anakhala wolamulira pazinthu zonse zokhudzana ndi gorilla zamapiri.

Moyo Woyambirira wa Dian Fossey

Dian Fossey anabadwira ku California mu 1932 ndipo pambuyo pake ankakhala ndi bambo womupeza yemwe anali wochita bizinesi. Sanadziwe tanthauzo la kukulira m'banja lachikondi komanso losamala lomwe lingafotokoze moyo wake wodzipatula nthawi zambiri akugwira ntchito ku Africa. Chisamaliro chamalingaliro chomwe anali nacho kunyumba chinapangitsa kuti azikonda nyama zomwe zidapangitsa kuti alembetse maphunziro a udokotala wazanyama ali ndi zaka 19 payunivesite ya California kumaliza maphunziro abizinesi ku College of Martin. Kusintha kwake sikunathandizidwe ndi makolo ake ndipo chithandizo chandalama sichinali chodalirika kuyambira pano. Kuti athandizire maphunziro ake, adagwira ntchito ngati Kalaliki ndi Woyendetsa Makina pafakitale yomaliza maphunziro a Occupational Therapist pa San Jose State College. Atamaliza maphunziro ake mu 1956, Dian Fossey adagwira ntchito ngati Occupational Therapist pachipatala cha Ana cha Kosair Crippled ku Louisville. Kumeneku n’kumene anakhala paubwenzi wolimba ndi Mary White, wantchito mnzake amene anamuitanira kunyumba kwawo ndi famu ya banja lawo. Dian Fossey ankamva kuti ali pakhomo pano ndipo ankagwira ntchito ndi ziweto ndi nyama yomwe ankaikonda kwambiri kenako kavalo.

Ntchito yake ku Africa

Mu 1963, Dian Fossey anayamba ulendo wa masabata asanu ndi awiri ku Africa komwe adayendera Tsavo National Park, Ngorongoro crater, Mt. Mikeno, Lake Manyara ndipo potsiriza Olduvai Gorge. Ku Oduvai Gorge komwe anakumana ndi banja la Leakey lomwe linamufotokozera za Jane Goodall ndi ntchito yake ndi a Chimpanzi ku Gombe. Dian Fossey kukumana koyamba ndi anyani a m'mapiri anali pa nyama zakuthengo ndi ulendo wa gorilla ku Uganda pa ulendo woyamba uja. Kuchokera ku Uganda, Dian Fossey anakhala kanthawi ku Rhodesia kenako anabwerera ku Louisville. Adalemba zolemba zingapo zokhuza zomwe adakumana nazo ku Africa mu nyuzipepala zina zomwe adapereka kwa Leaky paulendo wake wokambira dziko lonse ku Louisville. Leaky adachita chidwi ndi ntchito komanso kutsimikiza mtima kwake ndipo mu Disembala 1966 adamupatsa mwayi wopeza ndalama kuti afufuze za anyani a m'mapiri ku Africa. Adakumana ndi Jane Goodall ku Gombe Stream Research Center paulendo wopita ku Congo asanayambe ntchito yake ku Kabara.

Podalira chikondi chake chachibadwidwe pa nyama, maphunziro owonjezera omwe adalandira pa anyani ndi luso lomwe adapeza ngati katswiri wantchito, Fossey adazindikira kuti kutsanzira zochita za Gorilla monga kumenya pachifuwa chake ndikutulutsa mawu olira zidawapatsa chitsimikiziro kuti akhulupirire. Adalemba zolemba zingapo zomwe zidasindikizidwa m'magazini otsogola ndi magazini kuphatikiza National Geographic. Kafukufuku wake wokhudza anyani a m'mapiri adafotokozedwa mozama ndipo adamupatsa iye ndi anyani a m'mapiri kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi.

Ngakhale kuti ntchito yake yosamalira anyani a m’mapiri inali kukopa anthu ndi kumuthandiza, ntchito yake ku Africa inali yovuta nthaŵi zonse. Adapatsidwa gawo loyamba la zovuta izi pomwe ntchito yake yoyamba ku Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo) idafupikitsidwa ndi zipolowe zandale pambuyo pa ufulu wodzilamulira komanso kuwuka kwa Mobutu Sese Seko pampando. Adasamuka pang'ono ku Uganda asanavomerezedwe kuti akhazikitse maziko ku Rwanda. Dian Fossey adakhazikika ku Rwanda pambuyo pake adayambitsa Karisoke Research Center mu Seputembara 24 1967.

Vuto lake lachiwiri komanso lalikulu linali lothana ndi kupha nyama popanda chilolezo komanso kusaka kofalikira kudera lalikulu la Virunga makamaka ku Rwanda. Makanda a gorilla a m’mapiri pamodzi ndi nyama zina zakutchire kaŵirikaŵiri ankabedwa kuti akagulitsidwe kumsika wapadziko lonse ndi opha nyama popanda chilolezo. Ziwalo za thupi la nyama monga manja zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zithumwa zamatsenga ndi matayala aphulusa. Kuukira kulikonse paphiri laling'ono nthawi zambiri kunkapha anthu 5 mpaka 10 chifukwa chakuti anyani akuluakulu ankateteza ana awo mpaka kufa. Akuluakulu a pakiyo sanachite khama kuti aletse khalidwe lopha nyamazi chifukwa nthawi zambiri ankalandira ziphuphu kuchokera kwa anthu opha nyamazi chifukwa cha malipiro awo osauka. Dian Fossey anazindikira kuti kupitirizabe kutsika kwa anyani a m’mapiri komanso kupha nyama zina kungachititse kuti ntchito yake isawonongeke. Imfa ya Digit gorilla yemwe ankamukonda kwambiri inali yowawa kwambiri komanso yopweteka kwambiri. Ululu wa kutaya Digit m’njira yomvetsa chisoni akuti unampangitsa kuyamba kusuta ndi kumwa mopambanitsa ngakhale kuti anam’peza ndi emphysema. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe pambuyo pake adasinthira zoyesayesa zake zambiri kuchokera ku kafukufuku wa gorilla kupita ku kasungidwe ka anyani.

Adachita zinthu m'manja mwake ndipo pamodzi ndi gulu lake la antchito amderalo, adawononga misampha ndi misampha 987 mu 1979 - zomwe alonda 24 sakanatha kuchita m'miyezi inayi. Dian Fossey anafika mpaka pomanga, kuwafunsa mafunso ndi kuzunza anthu opha nyama popanda chilolezo - nthawi zina ankagwira ana a osaka nyama kuti akafike kwa olakwawo. Nthawi zambiri ankavala zigoba akakumana ndi anthu opha nyama popanda chilolezo zomwe zinkachititsa mantha anthu a m'derali amene ankaganiza kuti ndi mfiti. Njira zimenezi komanso kutsimikiza mtima kwake kuti athetse kupha nyama popanda chilolezo sikunapeze anzake makamaka pakati pa opha nyama komanso amene amapindula ndi khalidweli.

Cholowa cha Gorilla Conservation

Dian Fossey adathandizira kwambiri pazachitetezo ndi kafukufuku wa Gorilla. Zomwe adapeza koyamba zidagawa zoyeserera zonse za Gorilla Conservation m'magulu atatu - the Njira za Active, Theoretical and Community. Njira Yogwira ntchito inafuna kuthetsa kupha nyama mopanda chilolezo kudzera m'malamulo amphamvu, kuyang'ana ndi kuwononga misampha ndi misampha m'mapaki. Theoretical Approach idakhudzanso kulimbikitsa zokopa alendo pogwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga komanso chitetezo. Njira ya Community Based Approach idzafunika kuteteza mapaki ndi nkhalango kuti zisasokonezedwe komanso kudziwitsa anthu za kufunikira kwa zokopa alendo. Njira yokhazikitsidwa ndi anthu ammudzi idafunikiranso kutukuka kwa madera ozungulira pakiyi ndikulimbikitsa ulimi wokhazikika kuti asiye kulanda malo osungira nyama zakuthengo. Malingaliro awa apanga kwambiri mapulogalamu amakono a gorilla ndi zochitika monga kalembera wa anyani komanso njira yokhazikika.

M'zaka zamtsogolo, Dian Fossey adatsutsa kwambiri mapulogalamu oyendera a gorilla opangidwa ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi osamalira anyani omwe anali akuyamba kuwona mwayi wandalama paulendo wotchuka kwambiri wa gorilla. Iye ankaona kuti anyani a m’mapiri akufunika kuwasiya osasokonezedwa m’tchire. Amakhulupirira kuti kulimbikitsa zokopa alendo a gorilla kumatha kuyika mabanja ku matenda ngati chimfine chomwe chimatsogolera ku imfa. Kusintha kwa malingaliro okhudza zokopa alendo a gorilla, njira zake zogwirira ntchito komanso vuto lakumwa pambuyo pake kudayambitsa mikangano ndi anzawo omwe amawayang'anira pamalo ake ofufuza akutali. Tsoka ilo, ena mwa omwe adaphunzira nawo adawona kuti sanali wokhazikika kuti apitirize kuyang'anira malo ofufuza. Zikuwoneka kuti adani ake anali ndi malingaliro odzikonda kuphatikizapo kulamulira Karisoke Research Center.

Imfa yake ndi cholowa chake

Dian Fossey adapezeka ataphedwa m'chipinda chake ndi anthu omwe amakhulupirira kuti ndi opha nyama. Anamupeza atagona m’kanyumba kawo m’thamanda la magazi chifukwa cha chikwanje pamutu pake. Wachiwembuyo analibe cholinga china kusiyapo kungodzipha basi, chifukwa zinthu zake zonse zamtengo wapatali zinasiyidwa. Kupyolera mu nkhondo yake yosalekeza yolimbana ndi nyamakazi, Dian Fossey adadzipezera adani ambiri koma sizikudziwika bwino kuti ndani adayambitsa imfayi. Palinso zonena kuti imfa yake inali ntchito ya ozembetsa golide mosaloledwa. Wayne McGuire, m'modzi mwa othandizira ake ofufuza adaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe ndi khoti la ku Rwanda koma adathawa m'dzikolo atangotsala pang'ono kuweruzidwa kuti athawire ku US mu July 1987. Sanwekwe wa m'deralo, yemwe ankadziwika kuti anachita nawo chiwembucho, anali anapezeka atafa m’chipinda chake chandende. Dian Fossey anagonekedwa pambali pambali pa Digit gorilla yemwe ankamukonda kwambiri. Kwa okonda anyani enieni, kuyendera manda a Dian Fossey ndi Karisoke Research Center ndi njira yabwino yoperekera ulemu kwa primatologist wamkulu uyu komanso kumvetsetsa mwatsatanetsatane za ntchito yake ndi anyani a m'mapiri ku Africa.

Mosasamala kanthu za zovuta zomwe adakumana nazo, zofooka zake, palibe chomwe chingachotse mfundo yoti Dian Fossey ankakondadi anyani a m'mapiri ndipo adadzipereka kwambiri pa moyo wake wopindulitsa pophunzira ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zamoyo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha zikutetezedwa komanso kupulumuka. Dian Fossey adasiya mbiri yabwino ndipo kudzera mu kafukufuku wake, adapanga njira zomwe zikugwiritsidwabe ntchito masiku ano pamapulogalamu angapo oteteza gorila - kuphatikiza kuyambitsa kalembera woyamba wa anyani. Kukhala ndi anyani sizikadapanda njira zina zomwe adatulukira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti a gorila azikhala omasuka pozungulira anthu. Amayamikiridwa powonetsetsa kuti anyani a m'mapiri apulumuka ndipo mabungwe ena angapo apitilira pomwe adachoka popitiliza kuthandizira ndikulimbikitsa mapologalamu oteteza gorilla monga Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund. Chiwerengero cha anyani a m'phiri tsopano chawonjezeka kuchokera zosakwana 400 m'ma 1980 kufika pa 1000 monga anapeza pa kalembera wa gorilla 2018. Pozindikira ntchito yake yayikulu, boma la Rwanda lasintha mwambo wopatsa dzina la Gorilla Baby womwe iye adayambitsa.