Ndale za katemera ndi zokopa alendo

Tourism isanachitike mliri

Pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi, ntchito zokopa alendo zakhala zikukulirakulira komanso kusiyanasiyana kuti zikhale gawo limodzi mwa magawo azachuma omwe akukula mwachangu padziko lonse lapansi (UNWTO, 2019). Ofika alendo obwera kumayiko ena adakwera kuchoka pa 25.3 miliyoni mu 1950 kufika pa 1138 miliyoni mu 2014 kufika pa 1500 miliyoni mu 2019. Kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2019, zokopa alendo zapadziko lonse lapansi zidalemba zaka khumi zotsatizana za kukula ndipo zidapitilira kukula kwa GDP yapadziko lonse kwa chaka chachisanu ndi chinayi motsatizana. Chiwerengero cha malo omwe amapeza US $ 1 biliyoni kapena kupitilira apo kuchokera ku zokopa alendo zapadziko lonse lapansi chawonjezekanso kuwirikiza kuyambira 1998.  

Kutengera kuwunika kwa mayiko 185 mu 2019, zidapezeka kuti zokopa alendo zapadziko lonse lapansi zidapanga ntchito 330 miliyoni; zofanana ndi 1 mwa ntchito khumi padziko lonse lapansi kapena 1/4 mwa ntchito zonse zatsopano zomwe zapangidwa zaka zisanu zapitazo. Tourism idatenganso 10.3 % ya GDP yapadziko lonse ndi 28.3% ya ntchito zapadziko lonse lapansi (WTTC, 2020). Kwa zaka zambiri, ntchito zokopa alendo zakhalanso njira yopezera chuma cha zisumbu zazing’ono zambiri zosasiyanasiyana zomwe zili ku Caribbean, Pacific, The Atlantic, ndi Indian Ocean. Kwa ena mwa chuma ichi, zokopa alendo zimatengera pafupifupi 80% yazogulitsa kunja ndikufika ku 48% ya ntchito zachindunji.

Mavuto azachuma padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha mliri

Ngakhale kuti ntchito zokopa alendo ku chuma cha padziko lonse lapansi ndi chitukuko ndizosakayikira, ndizodziwika bwino kuti kusintha kwa gawoli kwakhala kodabwitsa. Kumbali imodzi, ntchito zokopa alendo ndi imodzi mwamagawo olimba kwambiri azachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Kumbali inayi, imakhalanso imodzi mwazowopsa kwambiri. Gawo lazokopa alendo lapitilizidwanso kumalire ake chifukwa cha zovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi za mliri wapadziko lonse lapansi wa coronavirus womwe wakhudza dziko lonse lapansi kuyambira Marichi 2020. Mliri wa COVID-19 wafotokozedwa ndi akatswiri ambiri ndi akatswiri ngati tsoka lalikulu kwambiri lazachuma kuyambira Great. Kukhumudwa kwa 1929. Zachititsa kusokonezeka kwakukulu, panthawi imodzi komanso kosatha kuzinthu zonse zofunidwa ndi zoperekera katundu mu hyper-connected global economy. Mliriwu ukuyembekezeka kugwetsa maiko ambiri mchaka cha 2020, pomwe ndalama zomwe munthu aliyense amapeza m'maiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi kuyambira 1870 (The Worldbank, 2020). Chuma chapadziko lonse lapansi chikuyembekezeka kutsika pakati pa 5 mpaka 8% mu 2020.

Zotsatira za mliri paulendo ndi zokopa alendo

Pazifukwa zodziwikiratu, kuyenda ndi zokopa alendo zakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kugwa kwachuma kwachuma chifukwa cha mliriwu. Mliriwu usanachitike, kuchuluka komanso kuthamanga kwa maulendo apadziko lonse lapansi kudafikira mbiri yakale. M'mbiri yakale, kuyenda kwakhala kolimbikitsa kwambiri kufalitsa matenda kuyambira kusamuka kwa anthu kwakhala njira yofatsira matenda opatsirana m'mbiri yonse yolembedwa ndipo idzapitiriza kukonza kawonekedwe, kaŵirikaŵiri, ndi kufalikira kwa matenda m'madera ndi anthu. Kuchulukitsa kwa apaulendo komanso kuyenda kwawo kwachepetsa zotchinga zamtundu wa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndikukulitsa kuthekera kwa kufalikira kwa matenda opatsirana omwe amatha kusokoneza gawo lazokopa alendo (Baker, 2015).  

 Mbiri yawonetsanso kuti miliri ndi miliri imakhudzanso mahotela, malo odyera ndi ndege chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa ziletso zapadziko lonse lapansi, ziwonetsero zotsogozedwa ndi atolankhani komanso zowongolera zapakhomo zomwe maboma adayambitsa. Lipoti la 2008 la Banki Yadziko Lonse linachenjeza kuti mliri wapadziko lonse womwe utha chaka chimodzi ukhoza kuyambitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Inanena kuti kuwonongeka kwachuma sikungabwere chifukwa cha matenda kapena imfa koma kuyesetsa kupewa matenda monga kuchepetsa kuyenda kwa ndege, kupewa kupita kumalo omwe ali ndi kachilombo komanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito monga malo odyera, zokopa alendo, mayendedwe ambiri, komanso kugula zinthu zosafunikira. Maulosi awa adziwonetsera okha malinga ndi mliri wamasiku ano.

Mliri wapadziko lonse lapansi, woyamba pamlingo wake munyengo yatsopano yolumikizana, wayika, pachiwopsezo, ntchito 121.1 miliyoni paulendo ndi zokopa alendo pazochitika zoyambira ndi 197.5 miliyoni pazotsatira zoyipa.WTTC, 2020). Kutayika kwa GDP paulendo ndi zokopa alendo kukuyembekezeka kufika $3.4 thililiyoni poyambira ndi $5.5 thililiyoni pazovuta zomwe zikuchitika. Ndalama zogulitsa kunja kuchokera ku zokopa alendo zitha kutsika ndi $ 910 biliyoni mpaka $ 1.2 thililiyoni mu 2020, kutulutsa mphamvu zambiri zomwe zingachepetse GDP yapadziko lonse ndi 1.5% mpaka 2.8% (UNWTO, 2020).

Padziko lonse lapansi, mliriwu upangitsa kuti ntchito zokopa alendo zichepe ndi 20% mpaka 30% mu 2020. Malipoti oyendera alendo padziko lonse lapansi sakuyenera kubwereranso ku 2019 mpaka 2023 popeza obwera alendo atsika padziko lonse lapansi ndi oposa 65 peresenti kuyambira mliriwu. poyerekeza ndi 8 peresenti panthawi yamavuto azachuma padziko lonse lapansi ndi 17 peresenti mkati mwa mliri wa SARS wa 2003 (IMF, 2020). Ngakhale magawo azachuma ambiri akuyembekezeka kuyambiranso njira zoletsa zikachotsedwa, mliriwu ukhala ndi zotsatira zotalikirapo pazambiri zapadziko lonse lapansi. Izi makamaka chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chidaliro cha ogula komanso kuthekera kwa ziletso zotalikirapo pakuyenda kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi.

Kupangitsa mlandu woti ogwira ntchito zokopa alendo aziganiziridwa kuti alandire katemera woyambirira motsutsana ndi COVID-19

Mwachiwonekere, ntchito yabwino yokopa alendo ndiyofunika kwambiri kuti chuma chapadziko lonse chibwererenso bwino. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ogwira ntchito zapaulendo ndi zokopa alendo, mwina achiwiri kwa ogwira ntchito ofunikira komanso anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo chazaka komanso thanzi, ayenera kuonedwa kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri popereka katemera wa Pfizer/BioNtech akapezeka poyera. Katemerayu wakhala ndi mphamvu yokwanira 95 % pamayesero ndipo katemera wopitilira 25 miliyoni akuyembekezeka kuperekedwa pakutha kwa chaka.  

Kuyitanidwa kuti aganizire kuti gawoli ndilofunika kwambiri pa katemera wa COVID-19 potengera kuti ntchito zokopa alendo zafika kale pa "zambiri zomwe sizingalephereke" poganizira zakukula kwake pazachuma. Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuti gawoli likhalebe ndi moyo panthawi yamavuto omwe ali pano komanso kupitilira apo kuti apitilize kukwaniritsa ntchito yake yofunika kwambiri ngati chothandizira kwambiri pakukula kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Zowonadi, kuyenda ndi zokopa alendo zidzakhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera chuma chapadziko lonse lapansi pambuyo pa COVID-19 popanga ntchito zatsopano, ndalama zaboma, ndalama zakunja, kuthandizira chitukuko cha zachuma ndikukhazikitsa maulalo ofunikira ndi magawo ena omwe apangitse domino yabwino. zotsatira pa ma suppliers pagulu lonse lazinthu.  

Pakadali pano, ntchito zopitilira 100 miliyoni zili pachiwopsezo, ambiri amakhala mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono, ang'onoang'ono, ndi apakatikati omwe amagwiritsa ntchito azimayi ambiri, omwe amayimira 54 peresenti ya ogwira ntchito zokopa alendo, malinga ndi bungwe la United Nations World Tourism Organisation.UNWTO). Ntchito zokopa alendo ndizofunikiranso kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha madera chifukwa zimathandizira anthu amderali pakukula kwawo, kuwapatsa mwayi wochita bwino komwe adachokera. Kutsika kwachuma komwe kulipo mosakayikira kwasiya madera ambiri padziko lonse lapansi akukumana ndi kusokonekera kwachuma komwe sikunachitikepo.

 Ponseponse, mapindu aulendo & zokopa alendo amapitilira kupitilira zomwe zimachitika mwachindunji malinga ndi GDP ndi ntchito; palinso zopindulitsa zina kudzera m'magawo ang'onoang'ono kumagulu ena komanso zotsatira zake (WTTC, 2020). Choncho, n’zachidziŵikire kuti kutsika kwa nthawi yayitali ndi kuchira pang’onopang’ono kwa gawoli kudzabweretsa mavuto osatha ndi kusokonekera kwachuma kwa chuma chambiri padziko lonse lapansi komanso mwina anthu mabiliyoni ambiri. Izi zimapereka maziko ofunikira kuti aganizire gawo la katemera wa COVID-19 msanga. Izi zidzawunikidwa pa Global Tourism Resilience ndi Crisis Management Center ya Edmund Bartlett Lecture Restarting. Chuma kudzera muzokopa alendo: Ndale za Katemera, Zofunika Kwambiri Padziko Lonse ndi Zowona Zakutsogolo pa Januware 27, 2020. Pitani patsamba lino www.gtrcmc.org kuti mudziwe zambiri.