Misewu Yatsopano ya Silk: mukuchepetsa njira yoyambirira ya Silk?

ISLAMABAD, Pakistan (eTN) - Msewu wodabwitsa wa Silk Road womwe unayambitsa bizinesi yoyendera ndi zokopa alendo padziko lonse lapansi ukukumana ndi zovuta zodziwika.

Kugulitsa dzina lachidziwitso ndikosavuta muzachuma chamakampani masiku ano. Chifukwa chake, United States of America ndi China onse akugwiritsa ntchito dzina lakale la Silk Road pogulitsa malingaliro awo andale. Mtundu wa "New Silk Road" ukugwiritsidwanso ntchito masiku ano m'dziko lopanga mfundo. US yakhazikitsa New Silk Road - kuphatikiza misewu yayikulu yamakono, maulalo a njanji, ndi mapaipi amagetsi omwe amadutsa ku Central Asia, monga njira yokonzekera chuma cha Afghanistan.

Msewu Watsopano wa Silk waku China wakhazikika pamakonde akuluakulu atatu kudutsa kontinenti ya Eurasian, yotchedwa Eurasian Land Bridge, yomwe ndi njira yayikulu yopangira njanji, misewu yayikulu, ndi mapaipi. Yoyamba ndi Sitima ya Sitima ya Trans-Siberia yomwe ilipo yomwe ikuyenda kuchokera ku Vladivostok kum'mawa kwa Russia kupita ku Moscow ndikulumikiza ku Western Europe ndi Rotterdam; yachiwiri imachokera ku doko la Lianyungang ku Eastern China kudutsa Kazakhstan ku Central Asia ndi ku Rotterdam; ndipo yachitatu imayenda kuchokera ku Pearl River Delta ku Southeast China kudutsa ku South Asia mpaka ku Rotterdam. Gawo ili munthu atha kutcha lingaliro lomwe likubwera la North-South corridor ya India, Iran, ndi Russia, ngati lidapangidwa. China yatsala pang'ono kulowa m'mitsempha yake yayikulu yachiwiri ndikuyilumikiza ndi Kazakhstan kudzera mumsewu wake womwe China ikuyitanitsa New Silk Road.

Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa New Silk Road yomwe imathandizidwa ndi US ndi polojekiti yaku China. China idasiya Afghanistan ku projekiti yake, poganiza kuti dzikolo likhalabe losakhazikika, pomwe projekiti yaku US ili pamaziko olimbikitsa Afghanistan ndikulumikiza zomwe zikuchitika ku South Asia ndi Central Asia kudzera ku Afghanistan ngakhale pamtengo wa Tajikistan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan. , India, ndi Turkmenistan. United States ikuumiriza Pakistan ndi India kuti alandire gasi kuchokera ku Turkmenistan kudzera ku Afghanistan m'malo mopeza gasi kuchokera ku Iran kudzera ku Pakistan kupita ku India. Ikulimbikiranso kuti Pakistan ipeze magetsi kuchokera ku Tajikistan kudzera kumtunda wa Afghanistan. Kwa US, misewu yonse imapita ku Kabul, koma China ikukonzekera misewu yonse yopita ku Central Asia, kusiya Afghanistan pambali. New Silk Road ku United States idasiya Iran chifukwa chazifukwa zodziwikiratu, pomwe Silk Road yoyambirira ili ndi Iran ngati gawo lake lalikulu, pomwe Afghanistan ili pachiwopsezo cha Silk Road yoyambirira.

US Congress idapereka ndikukonzanso The Silk Road Strategy Act kuti isunge chikoka cha US ku Eurasia, pomwe China Communist Party (CCP) idatulutsa lingaliro lake la Silk Road ngati Eurasian Land Bridge yolumikiza China ku Europe kudutsa kontinenti ya Eurasia.

M’mbuyomu, nthumwi zochokera m’mayiko 40 zinachita nawo msonkhano wa masiku awiri wa Unduna woona za Mayendedwe, wothandizidwa ndi UNESCAP. China, Indonesia, Laos, Korea, Cambodia, Russia, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Iran, ndi ena adapanga njanji yamtunda wamakilomita 81,000 yolumikiza mayiko 28 kudzera m'mayendedwe ndi mabwato kuti apititse patsogolo chitukuko cha zachuma ku Asia komanso njira yolunjika yopita kumisika yaku Europe. . Dongosololi ndikukhazikitsa njira pakati pa maiko aku Asia, kenako ndikufalikira kumadera oyandikana nawo apakati, mpaka ku Europe. Izi zinalidi ndondomeko ya China New Silk Road.

Mu Januwale 2008, China, Mongolia, Russia, Belarus, Poland, ndi Germany adakhazikitsa njira yoyamba ya Eurasian Land Bridge ndipo adagwirizana kuti akhazikitse njira zoyendetsera masitima apamtunda pakati pa Europe ndi Asia. Sitima yapamtunda yachiwonetsero yotchedwa "The Beijing-Hamburg Container Express," yonyamula katundu waku China, idagubuduzika kuchokera kumodzi mwazinthu zopangira China Railway Container Transport Corp Ltd.

Sitimayo inayenda mtunda wa makilomita 10,000 (makilomita 6,200) m’masiku 15, n’kudutsa ku China, Mongolia, Russia, Belarus, ndi Poland isanafike ku Hamburg, Germany. Poyerekeza, zoyendera panyanja zimawonjezera makilomita a 10,000 kupita kunyanja ya Indian Ocean, ndipo zikanatenga masiku 40 kutumiza katundu kuchokera ku China kupita ku Germany - kuwirikiza kawiri nthawi yotumiza masitima kudzera munjira ya Eurasian. Msewu woyambirira wa Silk unalinso ndi zombo, monganso New Silk Road waku China.

Msewu woyambirira wa Silk, kapena Silk Route, umatanthawuza mbiri yakale ya njira zolumikizirana zamalonda kudutsa dera la Afro-Eurasia lomwe limalumikiza Kum'mawa, Kumwera, ndi Kumadzulo kwa Asia ndi dziko la Mediterranean ndi Europe, komanso mbali zina za Kumpoto ndi Kum'mawa kwa Africa. Njira zapamtundazo zinawonjezeredwa ndi njira zapanyanja, zoyambira ku Nyanja Yofiira mpaka ku India, China, ndi Southeast Asia.

Kutalikirana makilomita 4,000 (makilomita 6,500), Msewu wa Silika umatenga dzina lake kuchokera ku malonda opindulitsa a silika a ku China, omwe adayamba nthawi ya Mzera wa Han (206 BCE-220 CE). Zigawo zapakati pa Asia za njira zamalonda zidakulitsidwa cha m'ma 114 BCE ndi mzera wa Han. Chakumapeto kwa Nyengo Zapakati, malonda odutsa pamtunda wa Silk Road adatsika pomwe malonda apanyanja adakula. M'zaka zaposachedwa, Njira za Silika zapanyanja ndi zakumtunda akugwiritsidwanso ntchito, nthawi zambiri amatsata njira zakale.

Malonda Pamsewu wa Silika anali chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwachitukuko chachikulu cha China, India, Egypt Yakale, Perisiya, Arabia, ndi Roma Wakale, ndipo m'njira zingapo zidathandizira kuyala maziko adziko lamakono. Ngakhale kuti silika analidi malonda aakulu ochokera ku China, katundu wina wochuluka ankagulitsidwa, ndipo umisiri wosiyanasiyana, zipembedzo, ndi mafilosofi ankayenda m’njira za Silika. China ankagulitsa silika, tiyi, ndi zadothi; pamene India ankagulitsa zonunkhira, minyanga ya njovu, nsalu, miyala yamtengo wapatali, ndi tsabola; ndipo Ufumu wa Roma unkagulitsa kunja golide, siliva, magalasi abwino kwambiri, vinyo, makapeti, ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali. Amalonda akuluakulu m'nthaŵi zakale anali amalonda a ku India ndi a Bactrian, kenako kuyambira zaka za m'ma 5 mpaka 8 CE, amalonda a Sogdian, kenako amalonda Achiarabu ndi Aperisi.

Pamene ikupita kumadzulo kuchokera ku malo akale a zamalonda ku China, msewu wa Silk wodutsa pakati pa continental umagawikana mu njira zakumpoto ndi zakummwera kudutsa Chipululu cha Taklimakan ndi Lop Nur.

Njira yakumpoto inayambira ku Chang’an (yomwe tsopano ikutchedwa Xi’an), likulu la Ufumu wakale wa ku China, umene, pambuyo pake Han, unasamutsidwira kum’maŵa ku Luoyang. Njirayi idafotokozedwa cha m'zaka za zana la 1 BCE pomwe Han Wudi adathetsa kuzunzidwa ndi mafuko osamukasamuka.

Njira ya kumpoto inadutsa kumpoto chakumadzulo kudutsa m’chigawo cha China cha Gansu kuchokera ku Chigawo cha Shaanxi, ndipo inagawanika kukhala njira zina zitatu, ziwiri za izo zikutsatira mapiri a kumpoto ndi kum’mwera kwa Chipululu cha Taklamakan kuti akayanjanenso ku Kashgar; ndipo ina ikupita kumpoto kwa mapiri a Tian Shan kudutsa Turpan, Talgar ndi Almaty (kumene tsopano kuli kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Kazakhstan). Misewuyo inagawanikanso kumadzulo kwa Kashgar, ndi nthambi yakumwera yolowera ku Chigwa cha Alai kulowera ku Perisiya wakale kuyambira ku Termez (ku Uzbekistan wamakono) ndi Balkh (Afghanistan), pamene ina inadutsa ku Kokand m’chigwa cha Fergana (kum’mawa kwa masiku ano). Uzbekistan) kenako kumadzulo kudutsa Chipululu cha Karakum. Njira zonse ziwirizi zidalumikizana ndi njira yayikulu yakumwera asanafike ku Merv (Turkmenistan).

Njira yodutsa anthu apaulendo, Msewu wa Silika wakumpoto unabweretsa ku China katundu wambiri monga madeti, ufa wa safironi, ndi mtedza wa pistachio kuchokera ku Perisiya; lubani, aloe, ndi mule za ku Somalia; sandalwood yochokera ku India; mabotolo agalasi ochokera ku Egypt; ndi zinthu zina zodula ndi zofunika zochokera kumadera ena a dziko lapansi. M'malo mwake, anthu apaulendowo anatumizanso mabawuti a nsalu za silika, nsalu za lacquer, ndi zadothi. Nthambi ina ya njira ya kumpoto inatembenukira kumpoto chakumadzulo kudutsa Nyanja ya Aral ndi kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Caspian, kenako n’kukafika ku Black Sea.

Njira yakumwera makamaka inali njira imodzi yochokera ku China, kudutsa Karakoram, komwe ipitilira mpaka masiku ano ngati msewu wapadziko lonse lapansi wolumikiza Pakistan ndi China ngati msewu waukulu wa Karakoram. Kenako inanyamuka kulowera chakumadzulo, koma ndi ma spurs a kum'mwera kumathandizira kuti ulendowu umalizike panyanja kuchokera kumalo osiyanasiyana.

Powoloka mapiri aatali, inadutsa kumpoto kwa Pakistan, kudutsa mapiri a Hindu Kush, ndi ku Afghanistan, kugwirizanitsa njira yakumpoto pafupi ndi Merv. Kuchokera kumeneko, inatsatira njira yowongoka kwambiri kumadzulo kudutsa kumapiri a kumpoto kwa Iran, Mesopotamiya, ndi nsonga ya kumpoto kwa Chipululu cha Suriya kukafika ku Levant, kumene zombo zamalonda za ku Mediterranean zinkapita ku Italiya nthaŵi zonse, pamene njira zapamtunda zinali kupita kumpoto kudzera ku Anatolia kapena kum’mwera mpaka ku Italiya. Kumpoto kwa Africa. Msewu wina wanthambi unadutsa ku Herat kudutsa Susa kukafika ku Charax Spasinu pamwamba pa Persian Gulf, kuwoloka ku Petra, ndi kukafika ku Alexandria ndi madoko ena a kum’maŵa kwa nyanja ya Mediterranean kuchokera kumene ngalawa zinkanyamula katundu kupita ku Roma.

Chifukwa chiyani United States ndi China zikugwiritsa ntchito dzina la Silk Road? Chifukwa dzina la Silk Road silinalembetsedwepo ngati dzina ndi oyang'anira zokopa alendo padziko lonse lapansi. Amawopedwa kuti Misewu Yatsopano Yatsopano ya Silk ambiri amachepetsa kufunikira ndi chikondi chamsewu woyambirira wa Silk.