Ngati Kukhala Patsogolo Kofunika Kwambiri, Kodi Muyenera Kuyenda pa Sitima?

Ngati Kukhala Patsogolo Kofunika Kwambiri, Kodi Muyenera Kuyenda pa Sitima?
Kodi muyenera kuyenda panyanja?

Ngakhale ndizovuta kuti ndikhulupirire, chaka chilichonse anthu pafupifupi 30 miliyoni amawononga nthawi ndi ndalama zambiri ($ 150 biliyoni pachaka) pazombo zoyenda, ngakhale zimapanga malo abwino kufalitsira matenda opatsirana.

Kulimbikitsidwa

Sitima zapamadzi zimabweretsa anthu ambiri m'malo okhala ndi anthu ochepa, ochepa otsegulira matenda kuti afalikire kuchokera kwa munthu wina kupita kwa wina kapena kufalikira ndi chakudya kapena madzi, ndipo, mu "mzinda woyendayenda" uwu, anthu zikwizikwi amagawana zaukhondo ndi machitidwe a HVAC. Kuphatikiza pazovuta za zombo zapamadzi ndizakuti anthuwo amachokera zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, amatenga katemera wosiyanasiyana ndikufika ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. Matenda amayamba chifukwa cha kupuma ndi matenda a GI (ie, norovirus) kupita ku matenda otetezedwa ndi katemera (ganizirani nthomba ndi chikuku).

Apaulendo ndi ogwira nawo ntchito amalumikizana m'zipinda zodyeramo, zipinda zosangalatsa, malo opumira, ndi maiwe, kukulitsa mwayi woti zamoyo zithandizire pakati pawo. Nthawi yomweyo, wothandizirayo ali ndi mwayi wolowa chakudya kapena madzi kapena malo aukhondo ndi ma HVAC omwe amagawidwa ponseponse m'sitimayo ndikupangitsa kuti awonongeke kapena afe.

Gulu limodzi la okwera likamapita kumtunda nthawi imakhala yochepa kuti ogwira ntchitoyo atsuke bwino sitimayo gulu lotsatira lisanafike; Kuphatikiza apo, gulu lomwelo limatsalira kuchokera pagulu mpaka gulu kuti munthu m'modzi yemwe ali ndi kachilombo atha kukhetsa ma cell ndipo, ngati COVID-19, yomwe imatenga masiku 5-14 kuwonekera, ambiri (kapena mazana) atha kutenga kachilomboka kuchokera kumodzi munthu.

Ngati Kukhala Patsogolo Kofunika Kwambiri, Kodi Muyenera Kuyenda pa Sitima?

Kuwonjezera pa vutoli, okwera ndi ogwira ntchito amakwera ndi kutsika sitimayo kumadoko osiyanasiyana ndipo atha kudwala ndikudwala kudera lina, kukwera nawo, kugawana nawo okwera ndi ogwira nawo ntchito, kenako kukafalitsa kwa anthu okhala doko lotsatira loyimbira.

Osati Woyamba

Ino si nthawi yoyamba kuti zombo zisanduke mbale za Petri zamatenda. Mawu oti "kuika kwaokha" amachokera ku matenda ndi zombo. Mliri wa Black Death utalepheretsa ku Europe m'zaka za zana la 14th, malo ogulitsa ku Venetian, Ragusa, sanatseke kwathunthu, kulola malamulo atsopano oyendera zombo (1377). Ngalawazo zikafika kuchokera kumadera omwe anali ndi mliriwu, zimayenera kukakocheza kumtunda kwa mwezi umodzi kuti zitsimikizire kuti sizonyamula matendawa. Nthawi yakunyanja idakwaniritsidwa mpaka masiku 40 ndipo amadziwika kuti quarantino, Italiya kwa "40."

Ulendo: Nkhani ya Moyo ndi Imfa

Pa February 1, 2020, imelo yochokera kwa akuluakulu azaumoyo ku Hong Kong inachenjeza a Princess Cruise kuti wazaka 80 wazaka zoyesa wayesa kachilombo ka coronavirus atatsika ku Princess Princess mumzinda wawo. Albert Lam, katswiri wamatenda ku boma la Hong Kong adalimbikitsa kuyeretsa kwakukulu kwa sitimayo.

Palibe chomwe chidachitika mpaka zidachitika mpaka tsiku lotsatira (February 2, 2020) pomwe a Dr. Grant Tarling, Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa Gulu ndi Chief Medical Officer ku Carnival Corporation (kuphatikiza Carnival Cruise Line, Princess Cruises, Holland America Line, Seabourn, P&O Australia ndi HAP Alaska) adazindikira izi kudzera pa TV.

Carnival imagwiritsa ntchito mizere 9 yonyamula zombo zoposa 102 ndipo imanyamula okwera 12 miliyoni pachaka. Kampaniyo imayimira 50 peresenti ya msika wapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo, Dr. Tarling, monga dokotala wa kampaniyo ali ndi udindo wothana ndi miliri. Dr Tarling atawerenga lipotilo koma adangoyankha ndi ma protocol otsika kwambiri.

Mfumukazi ya ku Britain yolembetsedwa ndi Diamondi inali sitima yoyamba yolembetsa kubuka kwa mliri waukulu ndipo idayikidwa payokha ku Yokohama kwa mwezi umodzi (kuyambira pa 4 February, 2020). M'chombocho oposa 700 adadwala matendawa ndipo anthu 14 adamwalira. Miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake (Meyi 2, 2020), zombo zopitilira 40 zidatsimikizira milandu yabwino. Kuyambira pa Meyi 15, 2020, Carnival adalembetsa milandu ya MOST Covid19 (2,096) yomwe imakhudza okwera 1,325 ndi mamembala 688 ogwira ntchito omwe apha anthu 65. Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. idatinso milandu 614 yodziwika (okwera 248 omwe ali ndi kachilombo ndi anthu 351), zomwe zidaphetsa anthu 10 https://www.miamiherald.com/news/business/tourism-cruises/article241914096.html

Ngati Kukhala Patsogolo Kofunika Kwambiri, Kodi Muyenera Kuyenda pa Sitima?

Nthawi ya maloya

Kuyambira pa Meyi 15, 2020, a Tom Hals a Reuters adatinso, pamilandu 45 ya Covid19 pamilandu, 28 idatsutsana ndi Princess Cruise Lines; 3 inali motsutsana ndi maulendo ena oyenda; Makampani awiri opanga nyama; Zowonjezera Woyang'anira wamkulu 2; Malo osamalira 1; Chipatala cha 2 ndi gulu la 1 dokotala.

Malinga ndi a Spencer Aronfeld, loya yemwe ali ndi milandu ingapo yodwala ma coronavirus, "Kuyendetsa njira zapamtunda zamtunduwu ndikovuta kwambiri," chifukwa maulendo apamtunda amasangalala ndi chitetezo zingapo: siali makampani aku US ndipo satsatira malamulo azaumoyo ndi chitetezo monga Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) kapena America with Disability Act (ADA).

Palibe amene akutsimikiza momwe angachitire izi. A Republican ali ndi chidwi choteteza mabizinesi kumilandu pomwe ma Democrat ali ndi cholinga chowapulumutsa. Chishango chazovuta chimateteza mabizinesi kumilandu kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito ndi makasitomala omwe anganene kuti kunyalanyaza kampani kumapangitsa malo abwino oti angatenge matendawa. Ngati makampani anali ndi chishango zitha kuwapatsa chidaliro choti adzatsegulanso (poganiza kuti bizinesiyo sinalakwe chifukwa chonyalanyaza, kusasamala kapena kusachita dala); komabe, kuchotsa chiwopsezo chazovuta mwina kukhumudwitsa ogula kuti abwerere kumizere yamaulendo apamtunda, ndege, mahotela ndi komwe akupitako kapena kuyambiranso ntchito zina za tsiku ndi tsiku. Chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu kwa ogula ndi ogwira ntchito ndikulemba ndendende momwe adalumikizira kachilomboka (mwachitsanzo, poyendera pagulu kupita / kuchokera kuntchito, pamsonkhano kapena kuwonetseredwa mumsewu).

Kupeza Vuto

Makampani ambiri (mwachitsanzo, Carnival Corporation ili ndi Diamond Princess), amalembetsa zombo zawo m'maiko omwe ali ndi malamulo ocheperako pantchito. Tsoka ilo anthu ochokera m'mayikowa akusowa ntchito ndipo chakuti malo okhala anthu ogwira ntchito zonyamula anthu amawerengedwa kuti ndi ocheperako, ndalama zomwe amalipira ndizotsika ndipo kulibe chitetezo chantchito - izi zomwe zidalipo sizolepheretsa kufunafuna kwawo pa ntchito, monga ntchito ina ndi cheke cha malipiro zili bwino kuposa zina.

Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa ogwira ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito. Ogwira nawo ntchito akuphatikizapo operekera zakudya, komanso oyeretsa okhala ndi malo ogona pa "B-deck" (yomwe ili pansi pamzere wamadzi) ndipo amakonza mawonekedwe amkati mwa mabedi a 1-4, mpando, kanyumba kakang'ono ka zovala ndipo mwina TV ndi foni. Chotsatira chotsatira pamakwerero apamwamba ndi Staffers omwe mwina akuphatikizapo asangalatsi, mamenenjala, ogwira ntchito m'mashopu ndi oyang'anira ndipo amapatsidwa zipinda chimodzi "A-deck," yomwe ili pamwamba pamzere wamadzi.

Ngati Kukhala Patsogolo Kofunika Kwambiri, Kodi Muyenera Kuyenda pa Sitima?

Ogwira ntchito pa sitima yapamadzi amagwira ntchito masiku 7 pa sabata potengera mgwirizano womwe umakhala miyezi ingapo. Wogwira ntchito kukhitchini woyang'anira akhoza kupeza $ 1949 pamwezi ndikugwira ntchito maola 13 patsiku, masiku 7 pasabata kwa miyezi 6 (2017). M'malo mopuma tchuthi, ogwira ntchito amagwira ntchito yosinthasintha, choncho amakhala ndi nthawi tsiku lililonse.

Matenda Amapeza Malo Awo Achimwemwe

Malo okhala pafupi / odyera ogwira ntchito, kuphatikiza pantchito yayikulu, amapanga malo abwino kufalitsira matenda. Kwa anthu ambiri omwe amakhala ndikugwira ntchito m'malo ang'onoang'ono onjezerani kuchuluka kwa okwera omwe akukhala pachiwopsezo cha matenda kuphatikiza nkhawa zakuthupi ndi zamaganizidwe zomwe zitha kupangitsa kuti matenda omwe adakhalapo awonjezeke komanso malo abwino kufalitsira matenda analengedwa.

Lipoti la Center for Disease Control (CDC) lidapeza kuti gulu la ogwira ntchito pa Daimondi Princess omwe adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi omwe amagulitsa zombo. Ogwira ntchitowa anali kulumikizana kwambiri ndi okwera, ndipo ziwiya ndi mbale zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito. Mwa mamembala 1068 omwe anali mgululi, onse okwanira 20 adayesedwa kuti ali ndi Covid19 ndipo pagululi, 15 anali ogwira ntchito yothandizira chakudya. Onse pamodzi, pafupifupi 6 peresenti ya ogwira ntchito zodyera chakudya okwana 245 adadwala.

Gerardo Chowell, katswiri wa masamu ku Georgia State University (Atlanta, Georgia) ndi Kenji Mizumoto, katswiri wamatenda ochokera ku Kyoto University (Japan) adazindikira kuti tsiku lomwe munthu wodziyikira payekha adayambitsidwa pa sitima yapamadzi ya Diamond Princess, munthu m'modzi adapatsira anthu ena oposa 7 ndipo kufalikira kunathandizidwa ndi malo oyandikana ndi malo okhudza magazi omwe ali ndi kachilomboka); komabe, atangonyalanyazidwa pagulu kachilomboka kamafalikira kunatsikira kwa munthu m'modzi.

Ngati Kukhala Patsogolo Kofunika Kwambiri, Kodi Muyenera Kuyenda pa Sitima?

Lingaliro Langa Lapangidwa

Ngakhale ndi ma data, machenjezo ndi imfa, pali ogula ambiri omwe sangabwezedwe paulendo wapatchuthi. A MS Finnmarken a Hurtigruten posachedwapa alandila okwera 200 paulendo wamasiku 12 wodutsa kugombe la Norway. Apaulendo anali mbali yaulendo woyamba wapanyanja kuchitika kuyambira pomwe mliri wa coronavirus udadabwitsa makampaniwa ndikuwuyimitsa. Mwinamwake geography ili ndi chochita ndi lingaliro la kuyenda; ambiri mwa omwe adakwera adachokera ku Norway ndi Denmark komwe kuchuluka kwa matendawa kumatsikirabe ndipo zoletsa zaimitsidwa. Maulendo apamtunda aku Norway, oyendetsedwa ndi mzere wapamwamba wa SeaDream, adachoka ku Oslo pa Juni 20, 2020 ndipo kufunikira kosungitsa malo kwakhala kwakukulu kotero kuti kampani ikuwonjezera ulendo wachiwiri kudera lomwelo.

Ngati Kukhala Patsogolo Kofunika Kwambiri, Kodi Muyenera Kuyenda pa Sitima?

Paul Gauguin Cruises (woyendetsa Paul Gauguin ku South Pacific) akuyembekezeka kuyambiranso zokumana ndi sitima zazing'ono mu Julayi 2020, ndikukhazikitsa Protocol ya COVID-Safe. Kampaniyo ikuti chifukwa chakucheperako kwa zombo, zomangamanga zamankhwala, ma protocol ndi gulu lomwe likukwera, apanga malo abwino kwa okwera. Machitidwe ndi njira zake adapangidwa mogwirizana ndi Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Mediterranee Infection of Marseilles, likulu lotsogola pamatenda opatsirana komanso Battalion of Fire Firemen of Marseilles

Mapulogalamuwa ndi awa:

  • Kuwunika anthu ndi katundu asanakwere.
  • Kutsatira njira zoyeretsera zomwe US ​​Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ndi World Health Organisation (WHO) zimalangiza.
  • Mayendedwe amtundu wa anthu.
  • Asanakwere, alendo ndi ogwira ntchito ayenera kupereka fomu yachipatala yomwe adasainira ndi mafunso okhudzana ndi zaumoyo, kuti akawunike ndikuwunika oyang'anira zam'madzi.
  • Katundu wotetezedwa ndi tizilombo pogwiritsa ntchito nkhungu kapena nyali za UV.
  • Maski opangira ndi nsalu, kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mabotolo opangira dzanja operekedwa kwa alendo.
  • 100% mpweya wabwino mu staterooms kudzera m'machitidwe osazungulira a / c ndi mpweya wokwanira kupitsidwanso m'malo wamba pafupifupi kasanu pa ola.
  • Malo odyera omwe adasinthidwa omwe amakhala ndi malo ochezera ocheperako.
  • Malo apagulu okhala ndi 50% akukhalamo.
  • Malo okhudza kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, zitseko zanyumba ndi ma handrails) amateteza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ola limodzi ndi EcoLab peroxide, kuchotsa majeremusi, mabakiteriya komanso kuteteza ku kuipitsidwa kwachilengedwe.
  • Ogwira ntchito amavala masks kapena visor yoteteza akakumana ndi alendo.
  • Alendo adapempha kuti avale masks mumakhonde olowera ndikulimbikitsidwa m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri.
  • Zipangizo zachipatala zomwe zili mkati mwake zimaphatikizapo malo oyendera ma labotale omwe amalola kuyezetsa pamatenda a matenda opatsirana kapena otentha.
  • Zipangizo zapamwamba zowunikira (ultrasound, radiology, and blood biological analysis) zilipo.
  • Dokotala ndi namwino omwe akukwera paulendo uliwonse.
  • Zodiacs amateteza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda akatha kuima.
  • Kukwereranso pambuyo pamaulendo apamphepete amaloledwa pokhapokha okwera ndege atadutsa mawonekedwe otentha ndikutsatira njira zowononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Oyendetsa ngalawa m'maiko ena (mwachitsanzo, France, Portugal, USA) akuyesetsabe kudziwa tsiku loyambira. Zikuwoneka kuti makampaniwa akayambiranso ntchito, ayang'ana kwambiri maulendo afupipafupi am'madzi ndikupewa kuwoloka malire apadziko lonse lapansi komwe kuli malamulo ovuta komanso osokoneza pafupipafupi. Kuletsa mayendedwe pakati pa mayiko kumatanthauza kuti ambiri omwe akuyenda pamaulendo akuyenera kukhala alendo ochokera kumayiko ena.

Kupita Patsogolo. Zomwe Ma Cruise Onse Ayenera Kuchita

International Cruise Victims Association ikulimbikitsa kuti:

Ngati Kukhala Patsogolo Kofunika Kwambiri, Kodi Muyenera Kuyenda pa Sitima?

  1. Gwiritsani ntchito katswiri wamatenda pa sitima iliyonse yapamadzi m'zombozi kuti asayansi adziwe mtundu ndi chiyambi cha matenda opatsirana. Katswiri akuyenera kuperekedwa kuti apereke lipoti ku CDC ndikuperekedwa kwa anthu patsamba la CDC.
  2. Congress iyenera kufuna maulendo apamaulendo kuti:
  3. Bweretsani ulendo wina wotsatira pakabuka matenda amtundu uliwonse popanda nthawi yoyenera pakati paulendo wochapa ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
  4. Perekani mamembala odwala odwala akamadwala.
  5. Lolani okwera kuti aletse / kusinthanso ulendowu popanda chindapusa akakhala ndi nkhawa ndi thanzi lawo.
  6. Onetsani zowonekera poyera ndikuwulula, munthawi yake, pomwe sitimayi idakumana ndi matenda asanafike okwera.
  7. Khazikitsani malamulo omveka bwino okhudza okwera kapena ogwira ntchito nthawi iliyonse pakakhala matenda omwe amafunika kuwaika kwaokha.
  8. Khazikitsani malamulo omveka bwino ndi yunifolomu oteteza mamembala ku matenda opatsirana ndikupatsanso zida zodzitetezera (PPE) kuphatikiza masks, magalasi ndi magolovesi.

Kodi Muyenera Kukhala kapena Muyenera Kupita

Ngati Kukhala Patsogolo Kofunika Kwambiri, Kodi Muyenera Kuyenda pa Sitima?

Ngati mungaganize zapaulendo wapamadzi, ndikupeza kuti mphotho yake ndi yayikulu kuposa chiopsezo, pali zinthu zingapo zomwe okwera angachite kuti athe kuwongolera thanzi lawo:

  1. Musanapange malo osungira sitima yapamtunda pitani patsamba lino www.cdc.gov/nceh/vsp/default.htm ndipo onani kuchuluka kwa oyendetsa sitimayo. Mapepala 85 kapena kutsika ndiosavomerezeka.
  2. Sinthani katemera, kuphatikizapo fuluwenza, diphtheria, pertussis, katemera wa tetanus, ndi varicella (ngati alibe matendawa).
  3. Pezani katemera wa matenda obwera chifukwa cha zakudya monga typhoid ndi hepatitis.
  4. Ana onse omwe akupita ndi achikulire ayenera kulandira katemera wa chikuku.
  5. Bweretsani mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (monga, zopukutira m'manja, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, choyeretsera dzanja) ndikupukuta chilichonse (katundu, zolumikizira zitseko, mipando, zolumikizira, mapampu, zopachika zovala ... chilichonse).
  6. Pewani kugwira mabotolo ndi ma handrails. Gwiritsani ntchito magolovesi kapena khungu kuti mulekanitse zala zanu kuzinthu zonse.
  7. Osamagwirana chanza ndi aliyense.
  8. Imwani madzi ambiri - khalani opanda madzi.
  9. Mukamva mawu oti "Code Red" sitimayo idzakhala yotsekedwa (mwina chifukwa cha kuzindikira kwa norovirus kapena matenda ena opatsirana). Pakadali pano zitseko za anthu zidzakhala zotseguka; chakudya chonse chidzaperekedwa (palibe buffet kapena ziwiya zogawana); yang'anani anthu ogwira ntchito oyeretsa kwambiri komanso opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri.
  10. Oyang'anira sitima zapamadzi amayenera kulangiza okwera pamavuto azizindikiro za matenda am'mimba komanso matenda opumira komanso kuti zizindikilo ziyenera kudziwitsidwa kwa ogwira ntchito m'ngalawamo akangodwala.
  11. Otsogolera akuyenera kudziwitsa okwera pamaulendo ofunikira kwaokha ngati akudwala (kutsalira munyumba zawo kupewa kufalitsa matendawa kwa ena).

Komwe Mungatembenuke

Maulendo apamaulendo amayenda m'malo ovuta. Palibe boma kapena mabungwe oyang'anira padziko lonse omwe amatsata zochitika za COVID-19 zolumikizana ndi zombo zoyenda (zomwe anthu angathe kuzidziwa). Zambiri zolondola ziyenera kupezeka ndikugawana ndi ogula, owongolera, asayansi / ofufuza ndi akatswiri azaumoyo kuti pakhale kuwunika koyenera kwazomwe zimachitika chifukwa chakuyenda bwato. Malinga ndi Dr. Roderick King, CEO wa Florida Institute for Health Innovation, "Ponena za mliri, zonse ndizokhudza kuwerengera."

Dipatimenti Yoyendetsa ku US itha kukhala yothandiza. Federal Maritime Commission (FMC) imafuna kuti oyendetsa zombo zonyamula okwera okwera 50+ kuchokera padoko la US azikhala ndi ndalama zokwanira kubwezera alendo awo ngati ulendowu waletsedwa. FMC imafunikiranso umboni wokhoza kulipira zomwe zachitika chifukwa chovulala kwa okwera kapena imfa yomwe woyendetsa sitimayo angayimire. Ngati ulendo wapamtunda walephereka kapena pangozi pakadutsa ulendowu, kasitomala ayenera kuyambitsa zochitika (fmc.gov).

US Coast Guard ili ndiudindo wachitetezo cha sitima zapamadzi ndipo chombo choyenda m'madzi aku US chiyenera kukwaniritsa miyezo yaku US yachitetezo chamoto, kuzimitsa moto ndi zida zopulumutsa moyo, zida zamadzi, kuwongolera zombo, chitetezo cha panyanja, luso la ogwira ntchito, oyang'anira chitetezo ndi kuteteza zachilengedwe .

The Cruise Vessel Security and Safety Act (2010), imapereka chitetezo ndi chitetezo pazombo zambiri zomwe zimakwera ndikutsika ku USA. Lamuloli limalamula kuti malipoti azamalamulo aperekedwe ku FBI.

Zombo zapamtunda zimafunikira (46 USC 3507 / c / 1) kuti zikhale ndi malangizo achitetezo kwa okwera. Bukuli limapereka chidziwitso chomwe chimaphatikizapo kufotokozera za azachipatala ndi achitetezo omwe adasankhidwa kuti ateteze ndikuyankha milandu ndi milandu komanso njira zokomera malamulo zomwe zimapezeka pazochitika zachiwawa.

Dongosolo kapena Lonjezo

Bungwe la Cruise Line International Association (CLIA), lomwe limathandizira mabungwe azamalonda, akuti kampaniyi ikutsatira CDC yomwe idalamula kuyimitsidwa koyenda kuti apange njira zomwe zingapereke miyezo yokhwima yolowera anthu komanso kuwunika okwera, kutalikirana kwa anthu, ndi zatsopano zosankha zantchito yakudya. Pakhoza kukhala magulu ena azachipatala omwe ali mgululi komanso zaukhondo.

Ngati Kukhala Patsogolo Kofunika Kwambiri, Kodi Muyenera Kuyenda pa Sitima?

Ngati mungasankhe kusungitsa malo apaulendo, ulendo wotsatira uyenera kukhala wa inshuwaransi kuti adziwe mfundo zabwino zomwe zingakhudze chilichonse ndi chilichonse kuyambira mwendo wosweka kupita ku COVID-19. Akatswiri ena ogulitsa mafakitale amalimbikitsa mfundo za "Kuletsa Pazifukwa Zilizonse". Izi ndizokhazika mtima pansi zomwe zitha kubwezera apaulendo 75% yaulendo wawo ndipo ndiyo njira yokhayo yomwe imalola kuti apaulendo aletse ulendo wawo pazifukwa zilizonse zosavomerezeka ndi mfundo wamba, kuphatikiza zoletsa kuyenda kapena kuwopa kuyenda chifukwa cha coronavirus.

© Dr. Elinor Garely. Nkhani yakulemba, kuphatikiza zithunzi, sizingatengeredwe popanda chilolezo cholemba kuchokera kwa wolemba.

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