Mphesa Zafika

Pa nthawiyi ndi pamene adakhazikitsa mzinda wa Gadir.Cadiz wamakono) pagombe lokongola la kum’mwera chakumadzulo kwa chilumba cha Iberia. Pamene ankapitirirabe m’derali, Afoinike anabweretsa miphika yadothi yonyamula ndi kusungiramo zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo miphika yadothi. vinyo.

Chimene chinakokera Afoinike ku mbali imeneyi ya dziko chinali kufanana kwakukulu pakati pa nthaka, nyengo, ndi malo a Chisumbu cha Iberia ndi dziko lawo la ku Middle East. Anali kutulukira kumene kunali ndi lonjezo lalikulu, chifukwa iwo anaona kuthekera kwa kulima mphesa ndi kupanga vinyo kumaloko chifukwa chakuti kudalira kwawo amphora kuti anyamulire vinyo kunali ndi zovuta zake; zotengera izi zinali tcheru kutayikira ndi kusweka pa nthawi zachinyengo maulendo apanyanja.

Pofuna kuthana ndi mavuto a kasamalidwe ka amphorae, Afoinike anaganiza zobzala mphesa m’dera lachonde komanso lonyowa ndi dzuwa lozungulira Gadir, zomwe zinasonyeza chiyambi cha kupanga vinyo m’derali. Pamene minda yamphesayo inkakula, inayamba kubala mphesa zotsekemera, zolimba, zomwe zinali zofunika kwambiri kupanga vinyo m’nthaŵi imeneyo. M'kupita kwa nthawi, viticulture m'chigawochi chinasintha ndikukula, ndipo pamapeto pake chinabala zomwe timadziwa tsopano monga dera la vinyo la Sherry. Makhalidwe apadera a mphesa zomwe zabzalidwa ku Gadir, kuphatikizidwa ndi njira zopangira vinyo zomwe zidayamba zaka mazana ambiri zidathandizira kuti mavinyo a Sherry awonekere komanso mawonekedwe ake.

Mipesa Yambiri Yoperekedwa

Potsatira mapazi a Afoinike, a Carthaginians anafika ku Iberia Peninsula ndi Cartagena kukhala mzinda wodziwika bwino womwe adayambitsa. Kukhalapo kwawo kunathandizanso kulima mphesa ndi kupanga vinyo m’derali. Cha m’ma 1000 BC, Aroma anakulitsa ulamuliro wawo kuti ukhale mbali yaikulu ya dziko la Spain ndipo anabzala mipesa ya vinyo kuti asamalire asilikali awo ndi midzi yawo. Anafika mpaka pobowola zotengera zamwala kuti afufuzire vinyo komanso kupangitsa kuti mbalamezi zizioneka bwino. Kukula kumeneku kunabweretsa kubzalidwa kofala kwa mphesa ndi kuyambika kwa machitidwe apamwamba a viticultural ndi kupanga vinyo kumadera awiri, Baetica (yogwirizana ndi Andalusia yamakono) ndi Tarraconensis (tsopano Tarragona).

Asilamu Amaonanso Kapangidwe ka Mphesa

A Moor, Asilamu okhala kumpoto kwa Africa, adakhazikika ku Iberian Peninsula (masiku ano aku Spain ndi Portugal) kutsatira kugonjetsedwa kwa Asilamu mu 711 AD. Chikhalidwe cha Chisilamu ndi malamulo adakhudza kwambiri dera panthawiyi, kuphatikizapo zakudya ndi zakumwa; komabe, kachitidwe kawo ka vinyo ndi moŵa kunali kosokoneza. Malamulo azakudya achisilamu, monga afotokozera mu Quran, nthawi zambiri amaletsa kumwa zakumwa zoledzeretsa, kuphatikiza vinyo. Chiletsocho n’chozikidwa pa zikhulupiriro ndi mfundo zachipembedzo, zomwe zikuchititsa kuti aletse kupanga, kugulitsa, ndi kumwa zakumwa zoledzeretsa, kuphatikizapo vinyo.

Ngakhale kuti Korani imaletsa mwatsatanetsatane kumwa vinyo ndi zoledzeretsa, kugwiritsa ntchito zoletsa izi kumatha kusiyana pakati pa Asilamu. Paulamuliro wa a Moor ku Iberia Peninsula, panalibe chiletso chapadziko lonse kapena chosasinthika pakupanga vinyo. Kukula ndi kukhwima kwa zoletsa vinyo ndi mowa zinali zosiyanasiyana, kutengera olamulira am'deralo, kutanthauzira kwa malamulo achisilamu, komanso mbiri yakale.

Zokhudza Franco pa Vinyo

Kuyambira 1936-1939 (Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni cha ku Spain) ndi zaka zotsatila ulamuliro wa General Francisco Franco, kupanga vinyo kunali kolamulidwa kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri kupanga ndi kugawa kunali kulamulidwa ndi boma. Boma linkalamulira makampaniwa kotero kuti akwaniritse zofuna za boma pokhazikitsa malamulo ndi zowongolera kuphatikizapo kukhazikitsidwa kwa Spanish Wine Institute (Instituto Nacional de Denominaciones de Origen/ INDO) mu 1934. mayina oyambira (Denomininacion de Origen) omwe adakalipobe mpaka pano. Opanga vinyo ankayenera kutsatira mfundo zokhwima ndipo sakanatha kupanga vinyo wosatsatira malamulowa.

Mliri wa Phylloxera

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 19, dziko la Spain, mofanana ndi madera ena ambiri opangira vinyo padziko lonse lapansi, linayang’anizana ndi tizilombo towononga m’munda wa mpesa wotchedwa phylloxera. Pofuna kuthana ndi tizilombo tomwe tinkawononga mphesa, madera ena anayamba kuzula minda ya mpesa n’kusiya kupanga vinyo kwa kanthaŵi. Iyi sinali nkhani yovomerezeka koma kuyankha tsoka lachilengedwe lomwe lidakhudza makampani avinyo.

Pomaliza, m'ma 1970

Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1970 dziko la Spain lasintha kwambiri ndipo lasintha kuchoka pakudziwika kwambiri popanga vinyo wambiri komanso wotsika kwambiri mpaka kukhala amodzi mwa mayiko otsogola padziko lonse lapansi opanga vinyo ndi kutumiza kunja mothandizidwa ndi mabizinesi amakono opanga vinyo komanso kutengera mphesa zabwinoko. kukula machitidwe.

Dongosolo la Denominacion de Origen (DO) linayamba m’zaka za m’ma 1930 ndipo linakhala lofunika kwambiri pamene linkatanthauzira madera enieni a vinyo omwe ali ndi makhalidwe apadera, mitundu ya mphesa, ndi miyezo yopangira - zonse zofunika polimbikitsa ubwino ndi kudalirika kwa vinyo wochokera ku Spain. Ukadaulo wotsogola umaphatikizapo kupesa koyendetsedwa ndi kutentha ndi zida zabwinoko.

Ngakhale opanga vinyo akhala akuyesera mitundu ya mphesa yapadziko lonse lapansi kuphatikiza Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, ndi Chardonnay pakhala kuyambiranso kwa mitundu ya mphesa yachilengedwe monga Tempranillo, Garnacha ndi Alberino.

Zovuta Zachuma

Dziko la Spain likutenga nawo gawo kwambiri pamsika wa vinyo wapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo lili ndi mphamvu zambiri ku Europe, United States, ndi Asia. Spain ili ndi minda yamphesa yayikulu kwambiri yomwe idakula modabwitsa mzaka zisanu zapitazi pomwe mahekitala opitilira 950,000 adaperekedwa kuti azilima mpesa. Kupambana kumeneku kwakopa ndalama zambiri zakunja ndi gawo lomwe likulandira ma Euro 816.18 miliyoni kuchokera kumayiko akunja mzaka khumi zapitazi. Hong Kong ndiwodziwika bwino ngati Investor wamkulu, akuthandizira 92 peresenti yazachuma mu gawoli mu 2019.

Dziko la Spain lili ndi mwayi wokhala dziko lachitatu padziko lonse lapansi lopanga vinyo ndipo likupezeka m'magawo 60 osiyana ndi zipembedzo za Origin (DO). Makamaka, Rioja ndi Priorat ndi zigawo zokha zaku Spain zomwe zimayenera kukhala DOCa, kutanthauza mulingo wapamwamba kwambiri mkati mwa DO.

Mu 2020, kupanga vinyo ku Spain kudafikira mahekitala 43.8 miliyoni (International Organisation of Vine and Wine/OIV). Mtengo wa vinyo waku Spain wotumizidwa kunja udafika pafupifupi ma Euro 2.68 biliyoni (Spanish Wine Market Observatory).

Mu 2021 msika wa vinyo waku Spain udapitilirabe kuchita bwino ndi mtengo wa $ 10.7 biliyoni ndikuyembekezeredwa kukula pa Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) yopitilira 7 peresenti. Pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana a vinyo, vinyo akadali wamkulu kwambiri pamene vinyo wonyezimira anali wokonzeka kulembetsa kukula kwachangu kwambiri pamtengo wake. Njira yogawa pamalonda imakhala ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri ndipo zopangira magalasi zimakhalabe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Madrid idatuluka ngati msika waukulu kwambiri wa vinyo mdziko muno.

Mphesa

Rioja

The Rioja Designation of Origin (DO) imaphatikizapo mahekitala 54,000 a minda ya mpesa kumpoto kwa Spain, kuyambira ku La Rioja, dziko la Basque, ndi Navarre. Derali limadziwika kuti ndi limodzi mwa madera odziwika kwambiri opanga vinyo ku Spain. Pakatikati pa chigawochi pali mphesa ya Tempranillo yomwe imasamalidwa bwino ndikukalamba mu migolo ya oak yomwe imapanga vinyo wotsogola kwambiri komanso wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi ku Europe konse.

Choyambirira

Dera la vinyo la Priorat lili ku Catalonia, likulu la zokolola zochepa za viticulture komwe minda yamphesa imamamatira kumapiri otsetsereka, amiyala, omwe amakhala 100-700 metres pamwamba pa nyanja. M'mikhalidwe yovutayi, mitengo ya mpesa imavutikira kuti ikule bwino, imatulutsa mphesa mwamphamvu kwambiri komanso mosamalitsa. Mavinyo opangidwa ndi ofiira athunthu omwe amapereka kuya ndi mawonekedwe.

Zosintha Zowongolera

Makampani opanga vinyo ku Spain akhazikitsa magawo atsopano ndi malamulo kuti agwirizane ndi kusintha kwazomwe zikuchitika komanso kuti azitha kutengera mitundu yambiri ya vinyo. Vino de la Terra ndi Vine de Mesa amapereka kusinthasintha pakugawa vinyo molingana ndi malo komanso malo abwino pomwe gulu la Vinicola de Espana limalola kuzindikira mavinyo apamwamba kwambiri omwe sagwirizana ndi machitidwe achikhalidwe cha DO, potero amalimbikitsa kuchita bwino pakupanga vinyo waku Spain. .

M'malingaliro anga

Evan Goldstein posachedwapa adapereka vinyo pamwambo wa Foods and Wines wochokera ku Spain ku New York City:

Mazas Garnacha Tinta 2020.

Vinyo wopangidwa kuchokera ku Tinto de Toro, chojambula chapadera cha ku Spain cha Tempranillo, chophatikizidwa ndi 10 peresenti Garnacha; adalemekezedwa ndi Mphotho yotchuka ya Decanter World Wine, Best in Show (2022).

Bodegas Mazas adadzipereka pantchito yopanga mavinyo apamwamba komanso apamwamba. Amakwaniritsa cholinga chawo pogwiritsa ntchito mwaluso luso lamakono mu winery yawo yomwe ili ku Morales de Toro. Mphesa zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga vinyo zimachotsedwa m'minda yawo yamphesa mu Toro Designation of Origin (DO). Malowa ali ndi minda yamphesa inayi yomwazika kudera la Toro ku Castilla y Leon. Awiri mwa minda yamphesayi ali ndi zaka zoposa 80 pamene ena awiri ali ndi zaka zoposa 50. Pazonse, minda yamphesayo imazungulira mahekitala 140; komabe, Bodegas Mazas amasankha mphesa kuchokera ku chiwerengero chochepa cha mipesa yakale kwambiri ya mpesa kuti apange vinyo wawo.

Nyengo ya m’derali imadziwika ndi mvula yochepa komanso mavuto omwe nthawi zonse amadza chifukwa cha nthaka yopanda chonde komanso kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kwambiri. Mikhalidwe imeneyi imapanga vinyo wokhala ndi mtundu wambiri komanso kukoma kwa zipatso.

Ndemanga:

Mazas Garna Tinta 2020 akuwonetsa mawonekedwe osangalatsa, okhala ndi utoto wake wofiyira, wofiyira pang'onopang'ono kupita kumphepete mwa pinki. Maluwawo ndi osakanikirana a ma cherries okhwima okhwima, omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi zokometsera zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zamaluwa, ma plums akuda okoma, ma strawberries akucha, ndi zokometsera zokometsera zomwe zimalumikizana bwino ndi pansi. Vinyoyo amapereka mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso owoneka bwino omwe amapitilira mpaka kumapeto kokongoletsedwa ndi fungo losangalatsa la nthaka.

2. Coral de Penascal Ethical Rose.

100 peresenti Tempranillo. Castilla y Leon, Spain. Vegan, Certified Organic. Zokhazikika. Botolo lililonse limathandizira kubwezeretsanso matanthwe a coral omwe amayimira 25 peresenti ya zamoyo zosiyanasiyana.

Hijos de Antonio Barcelo ndi bodega wolemekezeka wokhala ndi cholowa chomwe chinayamba m'chaka cha 1876. Cholowa cholemera chophatikizidwa ndi machitidwe amakono zimabweretsa vinyo wosasinthika komanso watsopano. The winery ndi mpweya ndale, kuchepetsa carbon footprint ndi kukhudza chilengedwe. Vinyoyo amapakidwa muzinthu zomwe zimakhala zofewa padziko lapansi ndipo botolo lowala kwambiri limachepetsa kufalikira kwachilengedwe.

Ndemanga:

Coral de Penascal Ethical Rose ndi vinyo yemwe amakopa chidwi. Maonekedwe ake owoneka ngati krustalo amawonetsa mtundu wonyezimira wa korali womwe ndi wokopa monga momwe umakopa. Maluwawo ndi onunkhira, pomwe ma currant ofiira owoneka bwino ndi raspberries amatenga gawo lapakati, kulumikizana molumikizana ndi zolemba zowoneka bwino za zipatso zamwala, zomwe zimakumbukira mapichesi akucha. Kununkhira kwa zipatsozi kumaphatikizidwa bwino ndi maluwa oyera oyera.

Mukathira duwa lokongolali, m'kamwa mwake mumakongoletsedwa ndi fungo lonunkhira bwino lomwe. Kutsekemera kwa ma apricots ndi mapichesi kumavina pamasamba, kumapanga kusakanikirana kosangalatsa kwa zokometsera za zipatso. Mukangoganiza kuti mwakumana nazo zonse, kawonekedwe kakang'ono ka manyumwa apinki amatuluka, ndikuwonjezera kutsitsimuka komanso kutsitsimuka kwa vinyo wa ethereal.

3. Verdeal. 20 de abril organic Verdejo 2022

Mu 2007, Eduardo Poza adakumbatira mphesa ya Verdejo, ndikuyamba ulendo womwe unabereka VERDEAL, mtundu wamakono womwe umapezeka m'chigawo cha DO Rueda ndipo umapereka mitundu yakeyake yamitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso DNA.

Mphesa ya Verdejo imawonetsa vinyo woyera wonyezimira komanso wopatsa mphamvu, wodziwika ndi zolemba za apulo wobiriwira ndi zipatso za citrus, zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi mitundu ya pichesi, ma apricots, ndi maluwa osakhwima, zomwe zimafika pachimake ndi balsamu yokhala ndi malingaliro a fennel ndi aniseed.

Minda ya mpesa yomwe imapereka mphesa za vinyo wapaderayi ndi zaka 13 ndipo imalimidwa mwachilengedwe. Ndi zokolola zoyambira pa 6,000 mpaka 8,000 kg pa hekitala, vinyoyu amapeza kuchuluka kwa zigawo za mphesa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti vinyo azikhala wopambana komanso wapamwamba kwambiri.

Ndemanga:

Vinyo wokongola uyu ali ndi mtundu wachikasu wopepuka komanso wozama wapakatikati ndipo amakopa chidwi ku chikondwerero cha Verdejo. Pakukoka mpweya koyamba, adatulukira maluwa owoneka bwino omwe amaphatikiza zipatso za kumadera otentha ndi zesty laimu, zomwe zidapangitsa vinyo kukhala wonyezimira wotsitsimula. Kufufuza mozama, zizindikiro za zitsamba ndi masamba obiriwira zimatuluka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kununkhira. Vinyoyo amasunga mgwirizano womwe umasonyeza kutsirizika kwatsopano ndi kupirira ndi zizindikiro za zitsamba, kusiya chizindikiro chokoma m'kamwa.