(Un) Wokayikira mwachizolowezi wa Bat-Origin Novel Coronavirus

A kafukufuku waposachedwa amazindikira ndi coronavirus yatsopano yomwe idayambitsa mliri wa chibayo m'chigawo cha Hubei ku China-kachilombo kochokera ku mileme ndi kogwirizana ndi ma coronavirus ena odziwika

The 2019 Novel coronavirus (CoV) imayambitsa chibayo chakupha chomwe chapha anthu opitilira 1300, pomwe milandu yopitilira 52000 yatsimikizika February 13, 2020, zonse mkati mwa mwezi wopitilira. Koma, kodi kachilomboka ndi chiyani? Kodi ndi kachilombo katsopano? Kodi izo zinachokera kuti? Asayansi ochokera m'mabungwe apamwamba ofufuza ku China adagwirizana kuti ayankhe mafunsowa, ndipo kafukufuku woyambitsawu wasindikizidwa mu Chinese Medical Zolemba.

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Kumayambiriro kwa Disembala, anthu ochepa mumzinda wa Wuhan m'chigawo cha Hubei ku China adayamba kudwala atapita kumsika wam'nyanja. Anakumana ndi zizindikiro monga chifuwa, kutentha thupi, kupuma movutikira, komanso zovuta zokhudzana ndi matenda aacute kupuma movutikira (ARDS). Kutulukira mwamsanga kunali chibayo, koma chimene chinayambitsa chinali chosadziŵika bwino. Nchiyani chinayambitsa mliri watsopanowu? Kodi ndi Acute Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) -CoV? Kodi ndi Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) -CoV? Zotsatira zake, asayansi adachita kafukufuku kuti adziwe kachilomboka mu Disembala atasanthula milandu yoyambirira. Kafukufukuyu tsopano akusindikizidwa mu Chinese Medical Zolemba ndipo chizindikiritso cha kachilomboka chakhazikitsidwa - ndi kachilombo katsopano kogwirizana kwambiri ndi kachilombo ka SARS ngati CoV. Dr. Jianwei Wang (Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Pathogen Biology), wofufuza wotsogolera pa phunziroli, akuti, "Pepala lathu lakhazikitsa CoV yochokera ku bat yomwe inali yosadziwika mpaka pano."

Mu kafukufukuyu, asayansi ochokera m'mabungwe odziwika bwino a kafukufuku ku China, monga Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Institute of Pathogen Biology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, ndi Peking Union Medical College, adapeza pamodzi ndikuzindikira CoV yatsopano-yomwe adayambitsa matenda. kufalikira kwa Wuhan - motsatira m'badwo wotsatira (NGS). Adayang'ana kwambiri odwala asanu omwe adagonekedwa pachipatala cha Jin Yin-tan ku Wuhan, ambiri mwa iwo anali ogwira ntchito pamsika wa Huanan Seafood ku Wuhan. Odwalawa anali ndi kutentha thupi kwambiri, chifuwa, ndi zizindikiro zina, ndipo poyamba adapezeka ndi chibayo, koma chifukwa chosadziwika. Matenda a odwala ena adakula kwambiri mpaka kufika ku ARDS; ngakhale mmodzi anafa. Dr Wang akuti, "Ma X-ray pachifuwa cha odwala adawonetsa kusawoneka bwino komanso kuphatikizika, komwe kumakhala chibayo. Komabe, tinkafuna kudziwa chimene chinayambitsa chibayocho, ndipo zimene tinachita pambuyo pake zinavumbula chimene chinayambitsa chibayocho- CoV yatsopano yomwe sinadziwike kale."

Pa kafukufukuyu, asayansi adagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zamadzimadzi za bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) zomwe zimatengedwa kuchokera kwa odwala (BAL ndi njira yomwe madzi osabala amasamutsira m'mapapo kudzera pa bronchoscope ndikusonkhanitsidwa kuti aunike).

Choyamba, asayansi anayesa kuzindikira kachilomboka potsata ma genome, pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa NGS. NGS ndiyo njira yowunikira yomwe imakonda kuzindikira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda osadziwika chifukwa imazindikira msanga ndikuletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timadziwika mu zitsanzo. Kutengera kutsatizana kwa DNA/RNA kuchokera ku zitsanzo zamadzimadzi a BAL, asayansi adapeza kuti ma virus ambiri omwe amawerengedwa anali a banja la CoV. Asayansiwo adasonkhanitsa "zowerenga" zosiyanasiyana zomwe zinali za CoVs ndikupanga mndandanda wonse wamtundu wa kachilomboka; Zotsatirazi zinali 99.8-99.9% zofanana pakati pa zitsanzo zonse za odwala, kutsimikizira kuti kachilombo kameneka kanali kamene kamayambitsa matenda mwa odwala onse. Kupitilira apo, pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa ma homology, pomwe kutsatizana kwa ma genome kumafananizidwa ndi machitidwe ena odziwika (okhala ndi 90% yokonzedweratu kuti awoneke ngati "zatsopano") adatsimikizira kuti kutsatizana kwa majeremusi a kachilomboka katsopano ndi 79.0%. zofanana ndi SARS-CoV, pafupifupi 51.8% yofanana ndi MERS-CoV, ndipo pafupifupi 87.6-87.7% yofanana ndi ma CoV ena a SARS ochokera ku mileme ya horseshoe yaku China (yotchedwa ZC45 ndi ZXC21). Kusanthula kwa phylogenetic kunawonetsa kuti kutsatizana kwa mitundu isanu ya CoV yomwe idapezedwa inali pafupi kwambiri ndi mitundu yochokera ku mileme, koma idapanga nthambi zachisinthiko. Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti kachilomboka kanachokera ku mileme. Dr Wang akuti, "Chifukwa kufanana kwa jini yofananira ma virus ndi ma virus ena onse odziwika "ofanana" akadali ochepera 90%, komanso potengera zotsatira za kusanthula kwa phylogenetic, timawona kuti iyi ndi CoV yatsopano, yosadziwika kale. Vuto latsopanoli limatchedwa 2019 kwakanthawi-ncov."

Pomaliza, asayansi adasamukira "kupatula" kachilomboka ku zitsanzo zamadzimadzi a BAL poyang'ana ngati zitsanzo zamadzimadzi zikuwonetsa cytopathic ku mizere yama cell mu labotale. Maselo omwe amawonekera ku zitsanzo zamadzimadzi adawonedwa pansi pa maikulosikopu ya elekitironi, ndipo asayansi adapeza mawonekedwe ngati CoV. Anagwiritsanso ntchito immunofluorescence —njira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito ma antibodies omwe amakhala ndi utoto wa fulorosenti. Pachifukwa ichi, adagwiritsa ntchito seramu kuchokera kwa odwala omwe adachira (omwe anali ndi ma antibodies), omwe amachitira ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mkati mwa maselo; izi zidatsimikizira kuti kachilomboka ndi komwe kamayambitsa matendawa.

Kafukufukuyu amatsegulira njira kuti maphunziro amtsogolo amvetsetse kachilomboka ndi komwe akuchokera, makamaka chifukwa cha kufalikira kwake mwachangu, kuthekera kwake koyambitsa matenda a ARDS, komanso mantha omwe amayamba chifukwa cha mliriwu. Ngakhale odwala 4 mwa 5 omwe adadziwika kuti kachilomboka adachokera kumsika wazakudya zam'madzi ku Wuhan, komwe adayambitsa matendawa sikudziwika. CoV ikadatha kufalikira kwa anthu kudzera pa chonyamulira "chapakati", monga SARS-CoV (palm civet nyama) kapena MERS-CoV (ngamila). Dr Wang akumaliza kuti, "Ma CoV onse aanthu ndi a zoonotic, ndipo ma CoV angapo aumunthu adachokera ku mileme, kuphatikiza ma SARS- ndi MERS-CoVs. Kafukufuku wathu akuwonetsa momveka bwino kufunikira kwachangu kowunika pafupipafupi kufalikira kwa ma CoV oyambira kwa mileme kwa anthu. Kutuluka kwa kachilomboka ndikuwopseza kwambiri thanzi la anthu, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kwambiri kumvetsetsa komwe kumachokera kachilomboka ndikusankha njira zotsatirazi tisanawone kufalikira kwakukulu.. "