Chithandizo ndi Katemera: Nkhani yopambana yaku Europe ya COVID-19

Chowunikirachi makamaka ndichazogulitsa zamankhwala zomwe zavomerezedwa kale ku matenda ena kapena zikukula. Kubwezeretsa iwo kumatha kuchita bwino kuposa chitukuko chatsopano.

Mankhwala angapo omwe alipo kale akuyesedwa kuti aone ngati ali ndi matenda a corona Covid-19. Nthawi zambiri amakhala amodzi mwa magulu atatu otsatirawa:

Komabe, pali ntchito zina zatsopano zopanga mankhwala.

Kumvetsetsa bwino za kuyenera kwa mankhwalawo

M'maphunziro angapo omwe mankhwalawa anali ndipo akuyesedwa kuti ndi oyenera ku China ndi kwina, odwala ochepa okha ndi omwe adachitapo kanthu; ndipo nthawi zambiri sipakhala kufananizidwa ndi omwe amalandira chithandizo chamankhwala popanda mankhwala owonjezera. Maphunziro oterewa amatha kukhazikitsidwa mwachangu, koma zotsatira zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosamveka. Palinso odwala ambiri a Covid-19 m'makliniki padziko lonse lapansi, koma osati ochulukirapo omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyesa mokwanira mankhwala onse omwe akufunsidwa pano.

European Medicines Agency (EMA) chifukwa chake yapempha makampani ndi mabungwe ofufuza kuti apange maphunziro apadziko lonse lapansi, okhala ndi zida zambiri, olamulidwa komanso osasinthika amankhwala awo momwe angathere:

Kafukufuku wotere, malinga ndi EMA, atha kuchititsa kuti pakhale zotsatira zomveka pakukwanira kwa mankhwala poyerekeza ndi maphunziro ang'onoang'ono, omwe nawonso amalola kuti mankhwala omwe akutsutsana ndi Covid-19 avomerezedwe.

Posachedwa World Health Organisation (WHO) yalengeza za kafukufukuyu: kafukufukuyu, wotchedwa SOLIDARITY, cholinga chake ndikufanizira njira zinayi zamankhwala ndi mankhwala omwe ali oyenera kusintha wina ndi mnzake komanso ndi mankhwala oyenera. Phunziroli lidzakhala ndi "zida zophunzirira" zotsatirazi (= mitundu yamankhwala) momwe odwala zikwizikwi akuyenera kutenga nawo gawo - adzagawa mwachisawawa:

Mabungwe azachipatala ochokera ku Argentina, Iran ndi South Africa akuyenera kutenga nawo mbali phunziroli. Bungwe lowunikira liziwunika pafupipafupi zotsatira zakaphunziroli ndikumaliza zida zophunzirira momwe odwala sakhala abwinoko (kapena oipirapo) kuposa gulu lolamulira. Ndikothekanso kuwonjezera zida zina phunziroli, momwe mankhwala enanso amayesedwa.

Nthawi yomweyo, kafukufuku WOPHUNZIRA adayamba ku Europe ndi UK ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, ogwirizana ndi bungwe lofufuza ku France INSERM. Odwala 3,200 ochokera ku Germany, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden ndi UK atenga nawo mbali. M'malo mwa chloroquine, mankhwala ofanana ndi malungo a hydroxychloroquine ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Chikumbutso idapangidwa koyambirira ndi Sciences la Gileadi motsutsana ndi matenda a Ebola (omwe sanatsimikizidwepo), koma awonetsedwa kuti ndi othandiza motsutsana ndi ma virus a MERS mu labotore. Mankhwala omwe ali ndi mankhwalawa akuyesedwa m'maphunziro angapo motsutsana ndi SARS-CoV-2.

CytoDyn ndi kuyesa ngati mankhwala ake ndi antibody Leronlimab ndiyothandiza motsutsana ndi coronavirus. Zapangidwa kwanthawi yayitali motsutsana ndi HIV komanso khansa ya m'mawere yopanda katatu, yomwe idayesedwa kale m'maphunziro. Mlandu wachiwiri wa Covid-19 ukuyembekezera.

AbbVie ali ndi mankhwala ena a HIV ndi Kuphatikiza zosakaniza lopinavir/ritonaviridaperekedwa kuti ikayesedwe ngati mankhwala a Covid-19. Kafukufuku ndi odwala akupitilirabe, kuphatikiza kafukufuku yemwe odwala nawonso lembani Novaferon kuchokera Beijing Genova Biotech . Alpha interferon iyi imavomerezedwa ku China kochizira matenda a hepatitis B. Mankhwalawa tsopano akuyesedwa m'maphunziro akulu padziko lonse lapansi.

Kampani Ascletis Pharma ikuphatikiza mwambo m'malo mwake ndikuvomerezedwa ku China mankhwala a hepatitis C okhala ndi chogwiritsira ntchito Danoprevir . Kafukufuku akupitilira.

Ku China, kampaniyo Zhejiang Hisun Mankhwala Maphunziro azachipatala a mankhwala a Covid-19 okhala ndi mankhwala ochepetsa ma virus omwe ali ndi chogwira ntchito alireza ovomerezeka. Pakadali pano, favilavir idavomerezedwa kokha kuchiza chimfine (ku Japan ndi China).

Komanso motsutsana ndi chimfine ndikukula Zamgululi , kinase inhibitor ya kampani Atriva Therapeutics ku Tübingen. Kampani tsopano ikuwunika ngati zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito zitha kupewanso kuchuluka kwa SARS-CoV-2.

APEIRON Biologics (Vienna) ndi University of British Columbia akufuna mankhwala APN01 omwe adayesedwa kuchokera ku kafukufuku wa SARS ndipo adayesedwa kale m'maphunziro a odwala motsutsana ndi matenda ena am'mapapo. Imatseketsa molekyu pamwamba pa maselo am'mapapo omwe ma virus amagwiritsira ntchito ngati chandamale cholowera m'maselo.

Chloroquine wayamba kudziwika kuti ndi mankhwala othandizira malungo, koma amangolembedwa zochepa kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa. Komabe, tsopano zikudziwika kuti chinthu chogwiritsidwanso ntchito chitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati mankhwala. Pambuyo poyesedwa kwabwino kwa labotale motsutsana ndi SARS-CoV-2. Ofufuza achi China panthawiyi adalandiranso kuti chloroquine yatsimikizira kuti ndiyothandiza pakafukufuku wazachipatala. Kampani ya Bayer idayambitsanso kupanga kapangidwe kake koyambirira ndi chloroquine. Kafukufuku pa

mankhwala a malungo omwe ali ndi mankhwala ofanana hydroxychloroquine akuwunikidwanso pano. Kampani ya Novartis ivomereza kuthandizira zoyesayesazi ndikupereka zisankho zabwino ndi oyang'anira kumapeto kwa Meyi mpaka 130 miliyoni mayunitsi ake ochizira anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Sanofi kuti apatsenso mankhwala a malungo ndi mankhwalawa.

Kuchokera kumunda wam'mbuyomu, Camostat Mesilat Sikuti ndi mankhwala oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda - mankhwala omwe ali nawo avomerezedwa ku Japan chifukwa chotupa kapamba. Komabe, ofufuza ochokera ku bungwe lofufuza ku Germany lotsogozedwa ndi Germany Primate Center ku Göttingen apeza kuti imaletsa enzyme kuchokera m'maselo am'mapapo mu labotale yomwe ndiyofunika kuti ma virus a SARS-CoV-2 alowe. Chifukwa chake mukukonzekera kuyesa m'maphunziro azachipatala.

Komanso chogwirira ntchito Brilacidin kuchokera kampaniyo Innovation Pharmaceuticals sinapangidwe koyambirira motsutsana ndi ma virus. M'malo mwake, akuyesedwa pakadali pano kuti athe kuchiza matenda am'matumbo ndi kutupa kwam'mimba. Komabe, zikuyembekezeka kuti zitha kuwononga envelopu yakunja ya kachilombo ka SARS-CoV-2. Izi zikuwunikiridwa pakadali pano pama cell cell.

Kampani yaku Spain PharmaMar ikufuna kuyesa mankhwala ake ndi plitidepsin pakafukufuku wotsutsana ndi Covid-19 atalimbikitsa mayeso a labotale. Mankhwalawa, omwe amavomerezedwa ku Australia ndi Southeast Asia kuti azitha kuchiza matenda a myeloma (mtundu wa khansa ya m'mafupa), akuyenera kulepheretsa kuchulukana kwa kachilomboka chifukwa imatchinga mapuloteni oyenera a EF1A m'maselo okhudzidwa.

Pfizer ali mukuyesa zowonjezera othandizira ma virus mu labotale yomwe kampaniyo idapanga kale kuti ichiritse matenda ena a ma virus. Ngati m'modzi kapena angapo adzionetsa kuti ali m'mayeso a labotale, Pfizer angawaike pamayeso oyenera a poizoni ndikuyamba kuyesa ndi anthu kumapeto kwa 2020. Komanso, MSD pakali pano ndikufufuza za mankhwala antiviral motsutsana ndi SARS-CoV-2 itha kukhala yothandiza. Novartis akufufuza kuti ndi zinthu ziti zomwe ndi mankhwala ochokera ku laibulale yake yopangira mankhwala omwe angakhale oyenera kuchiza odwala Covid 19 - kaya akhale mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena akhale munjira ina (onani pansipa).

Zomwe zimachitika m'thupi ndi zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo; siziyenera kukhala zochulukirapo kotero kuti zimawononga zambiri kuposa kuthandizira m'mapapu.
Pachifukwa ichi, chitetezo chambiri cha odwala omwe akudwala kwambiri chiyenera kuchepetsedwa muntchito zingapo.

Sanofi ndi Regeneron chifukwa chake akuyesa ma modulator awo alireza mu kafukufuku ndi odwala a Covid-19 omwe akhudzidwa. Wotsutsana ndi interleukin-6 amavomerezedwa kuti azithandizira rheumatism.

Roche akuyesa wotsutsana naye wa interleukin-6 tocilizumabndi odwala Covid-19 omwe ali ndi chibayo chachikulu. Mankhwalawa avomerezedwa kale kuti azitha kuchiza nyamakazi. Madokotala aku China adayeseranso kwa odwala omwe ali ndi nkhumba kwa milungu ingapo.

Madokotala achi China akuyesanso lutendo immunomodulator ndi odwala. Adapangidwa ndi Novartis kuti azithandizira multiple sclerosis ndipo amavomerezedwa.

Ku Canada, colchicine ndi kuyesedwa pamayeso azachipatala kuti kuchiza mayankho ambiri amthupi, motsogozedwa ndi Montreal Heart Institute. Mankhwalawa amavomerezedwa motsutsana ndi gout (komanso m'maiko ena motsutsana ndi pericarditis).

Mwanjira yayitali mutha kuteroSeta metaarsenite (NaAsO ₂ ) ndi imodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa chitetezo cha mthupi chifukwa zimachepetsa kupangika kwa zinthu zina za mthupi (ma cytokines), zomwe zimatha kuyambitsa chitetezo champhamvu chamthupi. Kampani yaku South Korea Komipharm wapanga mankhwala osokoneza bongo (dzina la projekiti PAX-1-001). Tsopano yapempha mayesero azachipatala kuti ayese mankhwalawa kwa odwala a Covid-19.

Ofufuza aku China akufuna kuyesa mankhwala a Roche ndi mankhwala othandizira pirfenidone omwe avomerezedwa kale kwa odwala omwe ali ndi idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Mankhwalawa amaletsa kuwonongeka kwa minofu yamapapo yowonongeka.

Kampani yaku Canada Algernon Pharmaceuticals ikukonzekera kuyesa mankhwala ake NP-120 ndi chinthu chogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati Ifenprodil kuti ikhale yoyenera. Ifenprodil tsopano ilibe chilolezo ku Japan ndi South Korea motsutsana ndi matenda amitsempha. Algernon wakhala akupanga mankhwala motsutsana ndi idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis ndi chinthuchi chogwira ntchito kwakanthawi.

Kampani yopanga zaukadaulo ya Viennese Apeptico ikufuna chida chake Solnatidemotsutsana ndi kulephera kwamapapu (ARSD) pakukwanira kwa odwala Covid-19 omwe awonongeka kwambiri m'mapapo. Amapangidwa kuti abwezeretse kulimba kwa nembanemba m'matumbo.

Kampani yaku US Zamgululi pakali pano akupanga mankhwala omwe ali ndi mankhwalawa ZOKHUDZA-25 kwa odwala ARDS. Zikuyembekezeka kukonza kutengera kwa oxygen m'mapapu owonongeka ndikuthandizira odwala omwe angangopatsidwa mpweya wabwino kudzera m'mapapu opanga. Kampaniyo ikufunanso kuyesa mankhwala ake ndi mnzake wa odwala omwe ali ndi Covid-19.

Ntchito zochulukirapo zikuyesetsanso kupanga mankhwala atsopano motsutsana ndi Covid-19. Pali mitundu itatu ya ntchito:

Nazi zitsanzo za ntchito zochokera kumadera awa:

Ma antibodies a katemera wongokhala

Imodzi mwa njira zakale zamankhwala zolimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndiyo kubaya odwala ma antibodies ochokera m'magazi a anthu (kapena nyama) omwe apulumuka kale matendawa. Diphtheria antiserum yolembedwa ndi Emil von Behring kuyambira 1891 anali atakhala kale ndi izi, ngakhale palibe amene ankadziwa chilichonse chokhudza ma antibodies panthawiyo. Chitsanzo china ndi majakisoni a katemera wa anthu amene angatenge kachirombo kaja chifukwa chakuti sanalandire katemera. Posachedwapa, mankhwala angapo a Ebola omwe ali ndi antibody awonetsanso kuti ndi othandiza kwambiri pamaphunziro.

Ntchito zambiri zopanga mankhwala atsopano motsutsana ndi SARS-CoV-2 chifukwa chake zimayang'ana kwambiri seramu yamagazi ya omwe kale anali odwala Covid 19, omwe amatchedwa "convalescent serum". Chiyembekezo ndikuti ma antibodies ena omwe ali nawo azitha kupangitsa SARS-CoV-2 kulephera kubalanso mthupi.

Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi projekiti ndi kampani ya Takeda: Mwa chimango cha Chiwerengero cha TAK-888 polojekiti, cholinga chake ndikupeza mankhwala osakaniza kuchokera m'magazi am'magazi a anthu omwe achira ku Covid-19 (kapena pambuyo pake kuchokera kwa anthu omwe adalandira katemera wa Covid-19). Kusakaniza koteroko kumatchedwa anti-SARS-CoV-2 polyclonal hyperimmune globulin (H-IG) ; mankhwalawa ndi "katemera chabe".

Makampani ena ndi magulu ofufuza padziko lapansi amatsatiranso lingaliro ili, koma amapitabe patsogolo potengera ukadaulo waukadaulo: Amayambanso ndi seramu yosungika, koma amatenga ma antibodies oyenera kwambiri kenako "amawakopera" ndi njira za biotechnical kuti apange mankhwala. Imodzi mwa ntchitoyi ikutsatiridwa ndi Sweden Karolinska Institute. Kampani ina, AbCellera ndi Lilly, yalengeza kuti mkati mwa miyezi ingapo ma antibodies opitilira 500 omwe apezeka adzagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mankhwala omwe angayesedwe kwa odwala. Komanso AstraZeneca (UK), Celltrion (South Korea) ndipo (malinga ndi malipoti a media) Boehringer Ingelheim ndi Germany Center for Infection Research (DZIF) akugwira ntchito yopanga mankhwala motere.

Mgwirizano wamabungwe ofufuza ku USA umapitanso patsogolo ngati gawo la DARPA Pandemic Preparedness Platform. Pamapeto pake, mankhwala awo sayenera kukhala ndi ma antibodies othandiza kwambiri ochokera ku plasma yeniyeni, koma m'malo mwake majini ake - mwa mRNA. Aliyense amene adzabayidwe ndi mRNA iyi amapanga ma antibodies mthupi lake kwakanthawi ndipo amatetezedwa. Ubwino wa njirayi: Ndikotheka kupanga mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala mwachangu kuposa momwe mungapangire ma antibodies biotechnologically. Chosavuta: Pakadali pano, palibe mankhwala ena omwe amagwira ntchito ngati iyi. Ntchitoyi ikutsogoleredwa, mwa ena, ndi James Crowe, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee, yemwe adalandira Mphotho ya future Insight kuchokera ku kampani yaku Germany Merck mu 2019 chifukwa cha ntchito yake yopanga upainiya pantchitoyi.

Ntchito zingapo za mankhwala atsopano zimasiyanasiyana ndi njira ya "convalescent serum". Chifukwa chake Vir Biotechnology kale ma antibodies ochokera ku seramu yamagazi ya odwala anachira omwe atenga matenda a SARS a 2003. Kampaniyi ikufufuza ndi mabungwe aku US a NIH ndi NIAID ngati ali okhoza kuletsa kuchulukitsa kwa SARS-CoV-2. Vir Biotechnology ikugwirizana ndi kampani yaku Biogen yaku US komanso kampani yaku China ya WuXi Biologics popanga "kopi" ya ma antibodies awa.

Wasayansi waku University of Utrecht (Netherlands) adayesanso ma antibodies kuchokera ku seramu yamagazi a SARS convalescents kuyambira 2003. Adapeza anti antibody yomwe ingalepheretse kuchuluka kwa SARS-CoV-2 pachikhalidwe. Iyenera kuyesedwa tsopano. Regeneron ali  akugwiranso ntchito yofananira: Kampani ikuyesa mankhwala ndi ma monoclonal ntibodies ZOKHUDZA ndi ZOKHUDZA mu gawo lomwe ndimaphunzira ndi odzipereka. Ma antibodies awa adapangidwa kuti athetse MERS coronavirus, yomwe ikukhudzana ndi SARS-CoV-2. Ntchito zomwe zilipo koyambirira kwa mankhwala ochepetsa ma virus Gulu lofufuza ku Yunivesite ya Lübeck likutsata njira ina

Kwa zaka zambiri wakhala akupanga zomwe zimatchedwa alpha-ketoamides ngati maantivirikali olimbana ndi corona ndi enteroviruses (omwe amachititsa kuti pakamwa pakume pakati pazinthu zina). M'mayeso a labotale, zinthu zatsopano zoyeserera zimaletsa kuchulukitsa kwa ma virus. Chimodzi mwazomwe zimatchedwa "13b", chimakonzedwa motsutsana ndi ma virus a corona. Tsopano ikuyenera kuyesedwa m'ma cell ndi nyama ndipo, pakakhala zotsatira zabwino, kuyesedwa m'maphunziro ndi anthu limodzi ndi kampani yopanga mankhwala.

Ntchito zatsopano zopangira mankhwala

Makampani ambiri opanga mankhwala agwirizana kuti apange mankhwala atsopano (monga katemera ndi diagnostics) motsutsana ndi Covid-19. Poyambira, adzipangira ma molekyulu awo, omwe zambiri zopezeka pachitetezo zilipo. Izi zikuyenera kuyesedwa ndi malo a "Covid-19 Therapeutics Accelerator", omwe adakhazikitsidwa ndi Gates Foundation, Wellcome ndi Mastercard. Kwa mamolekyulu omwe amadziwika kuti ndi othandiza, kuyesa nyama kuyeneranso kuyamba mkati mwa miyezi iwiri. Gulu la makampaniwa ndi BD, bioMérieux, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Gileadi, GSK, Janssen (Johnson & Johnson), MSD, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer ndi Sanofi.

Makampaniwa akufuna dongosolo lina laVir Pharmaceuticals ndi Alnylam Pharmaceuticals. Mwalengeza kuti mupanga omwe amatchedwa siRNA othandizira omwe amaletsa kachilomboka poyambitsa majini ake kusiya kugwira ntchito. Njirayi imatchedwa kutseka kwa majini.