Ogwira ntchito ku South Africa m'gawo la vinyo anali kulimbana ndi kusagwira ntchito bwino kwa ogwira ntchito m'minda yamphesa yambiri mdzikolo ndipo ogulitsa vinyo anali kuchirikiza zomwe akuchita.

Malinga ndi Human Rights Watch (HRW), Ogwira ntchito m'mafamu a vinyo ndi zipatso ku South Africa amakhala m'nyumba zomwe siziyenera kukhalamo, amakumana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo popanda zida zoyenera zotetezera, ali ndi malire (ngati alipo) azimbudzi kapena madzi akumwa pamene akugwira ntchito ndipo ali ndi zopinga zambiri zoimiridwa ndi mabungwe. .

Economic Asset

Ogwira ntchito m'mafamu amawonjezera madola mamiliyoni ku chuma cha South Africa; komabe, anthu amene amapanga katunduyo ali m’gulu la anthu amene amapeza malipiro ochepa kwambiri m’dzikoli. Malinga ndi deta ya Paris-based Organisation of Vine and Wine (OVI, 2021), South Africa idakhala pa nambala XNUMX pakati pa mayiko omwe amapanga vinyo wamkulu padziko lonse lapansi, patsogolo pa Germany ndi Portugal, kumbuyo kwa Australia, Chile, ndi Argentina.

The makampani vinyo ku Western ndi Northern Cape kumapereka ndalama zokwana R550 biliyoni (pafupifupi US $30 biliyoni) ku chuma cha komweko ndipo akulemba ntchito pafupifupi anthu 269,000. Zokolola zapachaka zimatulutsa pafupifupi matani 1.5 miliyoni a mpesa wophwanyidwa, kutulutsa malita 947+/- miliyoni a vinyo. Zogulitsa zapakhomo zimalemba malita 430 miliyoni a vinyo; malonda ogulitsa kunja akwana malita 387.9 miliyoni.

Ku South Africa kuli malo opangira mphesa okwana 546+/- omwe ali ndi 37 okha omwe akuphwanya matani 10,000 a mphesa (akupanga ma 63 a vinyo pa toni; mabotolo 756 pa tani). Vinyo wambiri wopangidwa ndi woyera (55.1%) kuphatikizapo Chenin Blanc (18.6%); Colombar(d) (11.1%); Sauvignon Blanc (10.9%); Chardonnay (7.2%); Muscat d'Alexandrie (1.6%); Semillon (1.1%); Muscat de Frontignan (0.9%); ndi Viognier (0.8%).

Pafupifupi 44.9% ya minda ya mpesa ku South Africa imatulutsa mitundu yofiira kuphatikiza Cabernet Sauvignon (10.8%); Shiraz/Syrah (10.8%); Pinotage (7.3%); Merlot (5.9%); Ruby Cabernet (2.1%); Cinsau (1.9%); Pinot Noir (1.3%) ndi Cabernet Franc (0.9%).

Ndizosangalatsa kudziŵa kuti ngakhale kuti South Africa ndi mlimi wodziwika bwino wa vinyo wabwino, chakumwa choledzeretsa chomwe chimasankhidwa pakati pa anthu a ku South Africa ndi mowa (75% ya zakumwa zonse zoledzeretsa), zotsatiridwa ndi zakumwa za zipatso zoledzeretsa ndi zozizira (12%). Kumwa vinyo kumakhala 10% yokha, ndipo mizimu imabwera komaliza pa 3%.

Mphesa Zokondedwa

Mavinyo Oyera

Chardonnay amawerengera 7.2% ya minda yonse yamphesa. Chardonnay amakonda kukhala apakati komanso opangidwa; komabe, opanga ena amakonda kupanga kalembedwe ka Old World (yolemera ndi yamatabwa), pamene ena amasankha njira ya Dziko Latsopano (yopepuka ndi yosasunthika).

Mphesa ya Chenin Blanc inali imodzi mwa mitundu yoyambirira ya mphesa yoyambitsidwa ku Cape ndi Jan van Riebeek (zaka za zana la 17). Ili ndi acidity yambiri yomwe imapangitsa kuti ikhale mphesa yosunthika popanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya vinyo kuyambira wosalala, wowuma, komanso wonyezimira mpaka mavinyo okoma abwino. Ndi yokolola zambiri, yosinthasintha, ndipo imamera pamtunda wosayenerera mitundu ina ya mphesa zoyera.

Mitundu ya Colombar(d) idabzalidwa ku South Africa zaka za m'ma 1920s ndipo tsopano ndi mphesa yachiwiri yobzalidwa kwambiri mdziko muno. Anagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati vinyo woyambira kupanga brandy mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20 pamene Cape Winemakers adapeza kuti akhoza kutulutsa vinyo wokoma wakumwa wokhala ndi asidi wabwino kuti atsimikizire kukhala watsopano, wa fruity, ndi wokondweretsa. Idapangidwa kuchokera kumadutsa a Chenin Blanc ndi Heunisch Weiss (aka Gouias Blanc).

Sauvignon Blanc amapereka ngati vinyo wonyezimira komanso wotsitsimula. Zolemba zoyamba ku Cape zidafika m'ma 1880; komabe, kuchuluka kwa matenda kudapangitsa kuti minda yamphesa yambiri izulidwe ndi kubzalidwanso m'ma 1940. Mtundu uwu ndi wachitatu vinyo woyera wobzalidwa kwambiri ku South Africa ndipo masitayelo amayambira kubiriwira ndi udzu kupita ku kuwala ndi zipatso.

Vinyo Wofiira

Cabernet Sauvignon idalembedwa koyamba ku South Africa chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800. Pofika m'ma 1980 idapanga 2.8% ya minda yonse yamphesa; tsopano ikupezeka mu 11% ya minda ya mpesa. Mitunduyi imapanga mavinyo abwino kwambiri omwe amakula bwino ndi zaka komanso okhwima kukhala zokometsera, zodzaza thupi, zokometsera zovuta. Mavinyowa amakhala ochuluka kwambiri okhala ndi fungo lonunkhira, zokometsera ndi herbaceous m'kamwa, kapena ofewa komanso ozungulira bwino ndi zolemba za mabulosi. Imapezekanso mumitundu ya Bordeaux.

Shiraz/Syrah idayamba m'ma 1980s. Ndi mtundu wachiwiri wa mphesa zofiira zomwe zimabzalidwa kwambiri zomwe zimayimira 10% ya zobzalidwa zomwe zinayambidwa ndi kutchuka kwa Shiraz ku Australia mu 1980s. Masitayelo amawoneka ngati osuta, komanso onunkhira akukula pakapita nthawi; amagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi mumitundu ya Rhone.

Merlot inayamba ngati munda wa mpesa wa hekitala imodzi mu 1977 ndipo yawonjezeka kuti ipezeke pafupifupi 6% ya minda ya mpesa yofiira. Imacha msanga, imakhala ndi khungu lopyapyala, ndipo imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chilala chomwe chimapangitsa kukula ndi kupanga zovuta. Kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumtundu wa Rhone kuti awonjezere kufewa ndi kufalikira kwa Cabernet Sauvignon, mochulukirachulukira kuti amaikidwa m'botolo ngati mtundu umodzi womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala wapakati mpaka wopepuka komanso wokhudza kutsitsimuka kwa zitsamba.

Pinotage ndi cultivar ya ku South Africa yopangidwa ndi Professor Abraham Perold mu 1925 ndipo ndi mtanda pakati pa Pinot Noir ndi Hermitage (Cinsault). Pakadali pano, imatha kupezeka pafupifupi 7.3% yaminda yamphesa. Pinotage ndi yosakondedwa m'misika yogulitsa kunja koma imakonda kwambiri mdziko muno. Mphesa zimatha kupanga vinyo wovuta komanso wopatsa zipatso akamakalamba koma amamwa mokoma akadakali aang'ono. Mitundu yakumwa yosavuta ya Pinotage imatulutsa vinyo wonyezimira komanso wonyezimira. Ndi gawo lalikulu ku Cape blend kupanga 30-70% ya vinyo wogulitsidwa ku South Africa.

zogulitsa kunja

Mu 2020, pafupifupi 16% ya vinyo wopangidwa adatumizidwa kunja (malita 480 miliyoni). Izi zidakwaniritsidwa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa misika yaku Africa komanso njira zamabizinesi zokulitsa zogulitsa kunja. Pakhala kukula kwa malonda ogulitsa vinyo ku mayiko ena a ku Africa kuchokera pa 5% mu 2003 kufika pa 21% mu 2019. Izi zikuyembekezeka kupitilira pamene Mgwirizano wa Malonda Aulere a Africa (omwe unadutsa mu 2021) udzakhazikitsidwa ndikuyamba kugwira ntchito (2030). Mayiko omwe ali m’bungweli akupereka msika wa anthu 1.2 biliyoni ndi ndalama zonse zapakhomo zokwana madola 2.5 thililiyoni. Ndi zotsatira zomaliza za zokambirana zambiri zomwe zidayamba mu 2015 pakati pa atsogoleri a mayiko 54 aku Africa.

South Africa ili ndi mgwirizano wamalonda waulere ndi EU ndipo imatumiza ku US kudzera mu mgwirizano wopanda msonkho pansi pa Africa Growth Opportunity Act (AGOA. Kutumiza kunja kwakukulu ndi vinyo wochuluka ndipo EU ndi msika waukulu kwambiri.

Mabungwe omwe akuyimira makampani opanga vinyo ndi awa:

• South African Liquor Brand Owners Association (SALBA). Opanga ndi kugawa zinthu zamowa pa zinthu zomwe zimakonda anthu onse (mwachitsanzo, kukopa boma pa nkhani zamalamulo).

• South African Wine Industry Information Systems (SAWIS) imathandizira makampani opanga vinyo kudzera mu kusonkhanitsa, kusanthula, ndi kufalitsa zambiri zamakampani; kuwongolera dongosolo la Wine of Origin lamakampani.

• VINPRO. Opanga vinyo, malo osungiramo vinyo, ndi ogwira nawo ntchito m'mafakitale pazovuta zomwe zimakhudza phindu ndi kukhazikika kwa mamembala ndi makampani onse (mwachitsanzo, ukatswiri waukadaulo, ntchito zapadera kuchokera ku sayansi ya nthaka kupita ku ulimi wa viticulture, zachuma zaulimi, kusintha, ndi chitukuko).

• Vinyo waku South Africa (WOSA). Amayimira opanga vinyo omwe amatumiza kunja malonda awo; yovomerezedwa ndi boma ngati Export Council.

• Winetech. Kulumikizana kwa mabungwe omwe akutenga nawo mbali komanso anthu omwe amathandizira makampani avinyo aku South Africa pofufuza komanso kutumiza ukadaulo.

Njira Yopita ku Vinyo waku South Africa

Pa pulogalamu ya vinyo ya ku New York Astor Wine Center ku South Africa, ndinauzidwa za vinyo wosangalatsa wochokera ku South Africa. Lingaliro loti mulowe mdziko la vinyo waku South Africa likuphatikizapo:

• 2020. Carven, Munda Wamphesa wa Firs, 100% Syrah. Zaka za mpesa: zaka 22. Viticulture. Zachilengedwe/zokhazikika. Zaka 10 miyezi mu ndale 5500L French tonneau (mbiya; woonda ndi mphamvu 300-750 malita). Stellenbosch.

Stellenbosch ndi dera lofunika kwambiri komanso lodziwika bwino lopanga vinyo ku South Africa. Ili ku Western Cape's Coastal Region, ndi malo achiwiri akale kwambiri ku South Africa pambuyo pa Cape Town ndipo amadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha minda yake ya vinyo.

Idakhazikitsidwa m'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Eerste mu 1679, idatchedwa Bwanamkubwa, Simon van der Stel. Maprotestanti a French Huguenot omwe athawa kuzunzidwa kwachipembedzo ku Europe adafika ku Cape, adapeza njira yawo yopita ku tawuni mu 1690s, ndipo adayamba kubzala mphesa. Masiku ano, Stellenbosch ndi kwawo kwa pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a mipesa yonse yobzalidwa mdziko muno.

Derali limalimbikitsa kusintha kwa masitaelo a vinyo okhala ndi nyengo zambiri. Nthaka ndi granite, shale, ndi sandstone-based ndipo dothi lakale lili m'gulu lakale kwambiri padziko lapansi. M'mphepete mwa mapiri ndi miyala ya granite yovunda, yomwe imalepheretsa kutsika kwa madzi ndikuwonjezera mchere; zigwa zapansi zili ndi dongo lambiri lomwe lili ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri zosungira madzi. Mvula yokwanira m'nyengo yozizira imalola alimi kuti azithirira pang'ono, Nyengo imakhala yotentha komanso yowuma ndi mphepo yozizirira yakumwera chakum'mawa yomwe imadutsa m'minda yamphesa masana.

The Winery

Mick ndi Jeanine Craven anayamba kupanga mphesa zawo mu 2013, ndipo amapanga (kupatula) munda wamphesa umodzi, vinyo wamtundu umodzi womwe umawonetsa ma terroirs osiyanasiyana ozungulira Stellenbosch. Munda Wamphesa wa Firs ndi wake ndipo amaulimidwa ndi Deon Joubert ku Devon Valley. Dothi ndi lolemera, lakuya, komanso lofiira ndi dongo lambiri lomwe limapanga peppery, nyama yomwe amasangalala ndi nyengo yozizira ya Syrah.

Nthambi za mphesazo zimakololedwa pamanja ndi kufufumitsa pagulu lathunthu muzovunditsira zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zotseguka pamwamba. Maguluwa amapondedwa pang'ono kuti atenge madzi pang'ono ndikutsatiridwa ndi ma pumpover ofatsa kamodzi kapena kawiri tsiku lililonse kuti achepetse kutulutsa ndikusunga magulu ambiri momwe angathere.

Pambuyo pa masiku asanu ndi anayi mphesazo zimakanikizidwa pang'onopang'ono mu nkhonya zakale za ku France (kukula kwa mbiya; kusungira malita 500 amadzimadzi; kuwirikiza kawiri kwa mbiya ya vinyo) kuti ikule kwa miyezi pafupifupi 10. Vinyoyo amaikidwa m'botolo popanda kusefa kapena kusefedwa koma ndi kuwonjezera pang'ono sulfure.

Ndemanga:

Ruby wofiira kwa diso, mphuno imapeza zizindikiro za tsabola wa belu, zitsamba, utsi, minerality, oak, ndi mabulosi akuda; ma tannins apakati. Chitumbuwa chakuthengo ndi rasipiberi, plums, ndi kupanikizana zimafika mkamwa ndi kumaliza kwapakatikati komanso malingaliro amphamvu zobiriwira / tsinde.

Kupita Pamutu kapena Mwanzeru

• Makampani opanga vinyo ku South Africa akukumana ndi zovuta kwambiri pazachuma:

1. Magalasi akusowa

2. Zovuta zotumiza kunja/kutumiza kunja ku doko la Cape Town

3. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa kuwonjezeka kwa 15% pakukwera kwamitengo ya famu ndi 3-5% ya mtengo wa vinyo

4. Kukula msika wosaloledwa

• Kuti tipirire ndikuchita bwino dziko la South Africa liyenera:

1. Pitani pamalo abwino kwambiri pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi

2. Yang'anani pa kukula kophatikiza

3. Yesetsani kukhazikika kwa chilengedwe ndi zachuma

4. Fufuzani ndikutengera njira zopangira mwanzeru kuti mukhale ndi tsogolo lotetezeka

5. Bzalani mitengo yoyenera ndi ma clones pamalo oyenera poganizira za mizu yopirira chilala.

6. Gwiritsani ntchito madzi moyenera pokhazikitsa njira zowunika zomwe zimayezera mosalekeza ngati, liti, komanso kuchuluka kwa kuthirira.

7. Ikani ndalama mwa anthu kudzera mu maphunziro

8. Gwiritsani ntchito chitsanzo chomwe mwakonzekera kumwa ndipo ganizirani kukula kwake, masitayelo, ndi mapaketi ndikufufuza mwayi wazinthu zomwe zakonzeka kumwa zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoziziritsa, zopaka kaboni, ndi zosakanikirana.

9. Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amamwa vinyo chikuchepa; komabe, ogula ena akukhala otanganidwa kwambiri komanso kuyang'ana kwambiri, mothandizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mwayi wakumwa kunyumba

10. Ogula a Millennial ndi Gen Z akuyendetsa chizoloŵezi chokonda kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso komanso osamwetsa mowa

11. Njira zamalonda zapa e-commerce zikukula ndikusintha; Mapulogalamu otumizira pa intaneti akuchulukirachulukira omwe amapereka mwayi wowonjezera chidziwitso chamtundu

12. Kukopa alendo kumatenga gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwakukula kwamakampani

13. Opanga vinyo ku SA akuyenera kudziyimira okha motsutsana ndi zomwe zilipo kale komanso zam'tsogolo zanzeru zokopa alendo malinga ndi kapangidwe kake, ziwerengero za alendo, ndi ndalama.

Nthawi ikupita. Ino ndi nthawi yoti tigwiritse ntchito mwayiwu kuti tisunthe molimba mtima kukulitsa tsogolo labwino la vinyo.