Republic of Georgia: Mbiri Imapanga Mbiri Yapadera Ya Vinyo

Onse anayendera Republic of Georgia ndipo adasangalatsidwa kwambiri ndi zosiyana mavinyo (mwa mikhalidwe ina yapadera) kuti akabwerera kwawo, adalemba za iwo.

Georgia Yasintha Mbiri

Ngati mumakhala ku Georgia, ndiye kuti mumatcha dziko lanu kuti Sakartvelo. Kafukufuku wina akusonyeza kuti dzina lakuti “Georgia” linayamba m’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages pamene asilikali amtanda achikristu anadutsa m’derali popita ku Dziko Lopatulika. Pa nthawi yomwe inali gawo la Ufumu wa Perisiya ndipo anthu ammudzi ankadziwika kuti Guri omwe anali odzipereka kwa St. George woyera woyang'anira m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages omwe amavomerezedwa ndi England, Catalonia, Venice, Genoa, ndi Portugal chifukwa anali umunthu wa malingaliro. za chikhulupiriro chachikhristu. Gulu lankhondo la Crusaders linagwirizanitsa ndipo linatcha dzikolo Georgia.

Kupanga vinyo koyambirira kwa ku Georgia kunalembedwa mu nyimbo yanthawi zakale, "Ndiwe Munda Wamphesa" yomwe idaperekedwa ndi Mfumu Demetrius (1093-1156AD) ku Ufumu wake watsopano wa Georgia. Nyimboyi imayamba, “Ndiwe munda wamphesa wophuka chatsopano, wokongola, womera m’Edene.”

Vinyo wa ku Georgia anali kulemekezedwa kwambiri ndi mafumu a Asuri amene anasintha malamulo awo olola anthu kubweza ngongole zawo ndi vinyo m’malo mwa golide.

Kumbali ina ya mbiri ndi Joseph Stalin. Iye anabadwira ku Georgia ndipo anapeza mbiri yoipa monga wosintha zinthu mu Ufumu wa Russia kukhala mtsogoleri wa ndale wa Soviet Union kuyambira 1924 - 1953. Ena akupitiriza kumulemekeza chifukwa adagonjetsa Hitler; komabe, ambiri amamuona kukhala wankhanza amene anapha anthu a mtundu wake mwankhanza.

Malo, Malo, Malo

Mapiri aatali kwambiri ku Ulaya ndi mapiri a Caucasus, omwe amapanga malire a Georgia ndi Russia. Chiwopsezo chachikulu kwambiri chikhoza kukhala ku Russia; Komabe, nsonga yachiwiri yapamwamba kwambiri, Shkara, ili ku Georgia (17,040 ft) kugunda Mount Blanc ndi pafupifupi 1312 mapazi.

Ili pamtunda wa makilomita 600 kum'mawa kwa Bosporus, Georgia ili ku Asia, kumalire ndi Black Sea kumadzulo, Russia kumpoto ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa, Turkey kumwera chakumadzulo, Armenia kumwera, ndi Azerbaijan kumwera chakum'mawa. Dzikoli lili ndi 26,900 sq miles ndi anthu 3.7 miliyoni. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a anthu amakhala ku Tbilisi - likulu ndi mzinda waukulu kwambiri wokhala ndi anthu 3.7 miliyoni.

Vinyo Mbali ya Mbiri

Kupanga vinyo ku Georgia ndi gawo la mbiri yake monga momwe ntchitoyi idayambira zaka 8,000 zapitazo ndipo ambiri amawona kuti Republic ndi "malo opangira vinyo". Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, dziko la Georgia lalandidwa, likukankhira opanga vinyo akale m’minda yawo ya mpesa. Mwamwayi, panali mwambo wosunga mbande kuti kulima kwanthawi yayitali zomwe zidapangitsa kuti viticulture ndi winemaking apulumuke.

Nthano imanena kuti Saint Nino, mlaliki woyamba wa Chikhristu ku Georgia, adapanga mtanda wake kuchokera kumitengo ya mphesa ndikumangirira tsinde ndi tsitsi lake. Amakhulupiriranso kuti amonke a amonke a Alaverdi adathandizira kuteteza njira ya qvevri (aka kvevri ndi tchuri).

Anthu opanga vinyo ku Georgia anatukuka kwambiri m’zaka za m’ma XNUMX mpaka m’ma XNUMX, pamene dera la kum’maŵa kwa nyanja ya Mediterranean linagwedezeka ndi Nkhondo Zamtanda. Monga mtundu wachikristu, dziko la Georgia silinakhumudwe ndi Ankhondo a Mtanda ndipo linatha kukulitsa ulimi ndi malonda ake mwamtendere. Pambuyo pake, idakhalabe kunja kwa Ufumu wa Ottoman, womwe lamulo la Islamic Sharia limaletsa kumwa vinyo.

Kupanga vinyo kunakula ku Georgia mpaka phylloxera ndi mildew zinafika kuchokera ku America kumapeto kwa zaka za 19th Century. Tizilomboti tidasakaza pafupifupi maekala 150,000 (60,700ha) aminda yamphesa.

Georgia itayamba kulamuliridwa ndi Soviet zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, minda yamphesa inabzalidwanso masauzande ambiri kuti ikwaniritse kufunika kowonjezereka. Komabe, chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1980, anthu a Soviet Union ankakonda kwambiri vinyo. Kampeni yolimbana ndi mowa ya Mikhail Gorbachev idalepheretsa kutumizidwa kwa vinyo waku Georgia.

Dzikoli lakhala lokhazikika kwanthawi yochepa chabe kuchokera pamene linalengeza kuti lidziimira palokha kuchoka ku USSR mu 1991. Mkangano pakati pa Georgia ndi Russia ukupitirizabe mpaka pano, monga umboni wa 2006 woletsa dziko la Russia pa kuletsa vinyo ku Georgia, zomwe sizinathe mpaka June 2013.

Njira ya Georgia'a Qvevri

Qvevri ndi ziwiya zazikulu zadothi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwira, kusunga, ndi kukalamba kwa vinyo wachikhalidwe cha ku Georgia. Chidebecho chimafanana ndi amphorae yayikulu, yooneka ngati dzira yopanda zogwirira ndipo imatha kukwiriridwa pansi kapena kuyikidwa pansi pazipinda zazikulu zavinyo.

Amphorae amapangidwa ndi zogwirira ndipo qvevri alibe zogwirira, kusiyanitsa ntchito za aliyense. Kale ku Girisi ndi Roma, amphorae ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ponyamula ndi kusunga zinthu zodyedwa monga vinyo ndi mafuta a azitona osati kupanga vinyo.

Qvevri nthawi zonse akhala mbali ya kupanga vinyo ndipo ndi osayenera kuyenda chifukwa cha kukula kwawo ndipo, ndithudi, amaikidwa pansi.

Pamagawo omaliza a qvevri yomanga, mkati mwa chotengera chilichonse chimakutidwa ndi phula (miphika imakhalabe ndi porous ndipo imalola kuti mpweya wina udutse panthawi ya fermentation); phula imathandiza kuti madzi asalowe komanso kusungunula chotengera kuti apange winemaking kukhala aukhondo komanso zotengera zimakhala zosavuta kuyeretsa pambuyo pa ntchito iliyonse. Zikaikidwa mobisa, zikatsukidwa ndi kusungidwa bwino, qvevri ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka mazana ambiri.

Poyamba, ma qvevri a ku Georgia wakale anali aakulu mokwanira kuti athe kusamalira zosowa za banja. Pamene kufunikira kumawonjezeka qvevri adakulitsidwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale vinyo wambiri pachombo chilichonse. Pamene kukula kwa dongo kumachulukirachulukira, zidakhala zosakhazikika chifukwa cha kulemera kwawo kwakukulu komanso kuchulukana kwa mphamvu pakuyanika. Pofuna kuthandizira kukhazikika panthawiyi, opanga vinyo anayamba kukwirira qvevri mobisa. Uku kunali kusuntha kwanzeru modabwitsa chifukwa posuntha zopangazo mobisa adapeza mawonekedwe akale a firiji (kutentha kumakhala kozizira pansi pa nthaka). Izi zimathandizira kuti mphesa ikhale yotalikirapo pa kuwira, zomwe zikanapangitsa kuti vinyo awonongeke pamwamba pa nthaka. Nthawi yotalikirapo ya maceration imakulitsa kuchuluka kwa fungo labwino komanso mbiri ya vinyo wa qvevri. UNESCO idatcha njira ya qvevri malo osawoneka a Cultural Heritage mu 2013.

Kupirira

Mphesa amapanikizidwa pang'ono asanalowe mu qvevri kuti afufuze. M'madera ena, zikopa ndi zimayambira zikhoza kuphatikizidwa; Komabe, m'madera ozizira ndondomekoyi imatengedwa ngati yosafunika chifukwa vinyo akhoza kukhala ndi makhalidwe "wobiriwira".

Kupesa kumayamba pakatha masiku angapo ndikupitilira kwa masabata 2-4. Zikopa, tsinde, kapena kapu yolimba ikakula, imamira pansi pa madzi owira. Chophimbacho chimapereka zokometsera, zonunkhira, ndi tannins ku mphesa ziyenera. Panthawi yowira, kapu iyi imakhomeredwa kawiri tsiku lililonse kuti iwonjezere mphamvu yake pa vinyo.

Chipewacho chikagwa, zikopa ndi tsinde zimachotsedwa ku vinyo wofiira, pamene zoyera zimasiyidwa n kukhudzana. Chotsatira ndikuphimba qvevri ndi zivindikiro zamwala ndipo kupesa kwa malolactic kumayamba. Vinyo amasiyidwa kuti akule kwa miyezi pafupifupi 6, panthawi yomwe lees ndi zolimba zimagwera m'munsi mwa chotengera momwe kukhudzana ndi kukhudzidwa kumakhala kochepa.

Kumapeto kwa ndondomekoyi, vinyo amasamutsidwa ku qvevri yotsukidwa mwatsopano kapena chotengera china chosungira mpaka bottling; nthawi zina vinyo amathiridwa m'botolo nthawi yomweyo.

Kvevris amanyamula malita 10 mpaka 10,000 (800 ndi ofanana) ndikulemeretsa vinyo ndi dongo lotayirira. Vinyoyo ndi wosasunthika ndipo amatulutsa vinyo wa lalanje yemwe ali ndi okosijeni pang'ono komanso wotentha.

Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Mphesa

Georgia ili ndi pafupifupi mahekitala 50,000 a mphesa, ndipo 75 peresenti yobzalidwa mumphesa zoyera ndipo 25 peresenti yobzalidwa mumphesa zofiira. Gawo lalikulu la minda yamphesa yamtunduwu imabzalidwa m'chigawo cha Kakheti kum'mawa kwa Georgia, malo oyamba opanga vinyo mdzikolo. Mphesa ziwiri zodziwika kwambiri ndi Rkatsiteli (zoyera) ndi Saperavi (zofiira).

Dziko la Georgia lili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 500 ya mphesa, koma mpaka posachedwapa, malonda akungoyang'ana pa ochepa kwambiri omwe anafafanizidwa mu nthawi ya Soviet pamene kutsindika kwake kunali kugwirizanitsa ndi kuchita bwino. Masiku ano, mitundu pafupifupi 45 imapangidwa ndi malonda; komabe, boma la Georgia lili pa ntchito yopulumutsa ndi kubwezeretsa mphesa zakale ndikukulitsa zosankha. M'chilimwe cha 2014, National Wine Agency idayamba kukonzanso bizinesi yavinyo popereka mitundu yopitilira 7000 yamitundu "yosadziwika" komanso yachilengedwe kwa alimi kuzungulira dzikolo. 

Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti mphesa zoyera za Rkatsiteli zomwe zidayamba kumera kum'mawa kwa Georgia (zaka za zana la 1), zimatulutsa vinyo woyera wowoneka bwino komanso wowoneka bwino wokhala ndi kukoma kwathunthu komanso thupi lonse. Imakhala ndi kukoma kobiriwira kobiriwira kokhala ndi tinthu ta quince ndi pichesi yoyera. Zomwe zimachitika m'kamwa zimakhala zovuta chifukwa cha njira yachikhalidwe yaku Georgian qvevri yopanga.

Mphesa zofiira kwambiri, Saperavi, ndi zakwawo ku Georgia (kutanthauza: malo amtundu). Ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yochepa ya mphesa (French: dye kapena stain) padziko lapansi yokhala ndi thupi lofiira komanso khungu lofiira. Imakhala ndi mtundu wakuya, inky, nthawi zambiri wosawoneka bwino wokhala ndi fungo labwino la zipatso zakuda, licorice, nyama yokazinga, fodya, chokoleti, ndi zonunkhira.

Kuneneratu Bwino Kwambiri. Mwina

Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti dziko la Georgia lili ndi vuto lalikulu la "vinyo fever" ndipo aliyense akufuna kutenga nawo mbali. Anthu a ku Georgia akuphunzira ngati akatswiri a sommeliers, opanga vinyo, ndi otsogolera alendo odyetserako vinyo, ndipo pali makalasi ochulukirapo a ogula.

Masiku ano vinyo wa ku Georgia akupezeka m’maiko 53 kuphatikizapo Poland, ndi Kazakhstan. China, France, Israel, Netherlands, US, ndi Canada. Makampaniwa tsopano ali munthawi yodziwikiranso, kukonzanso, ndi kukula - ndipo ogula vinyo padziko lonse lapansi ali okonzeka kulandira vinyowa pamsika wampikisano wa e-commerce, mashopu avinyo, ndi misewu yavinyo m'masitolo akuluakulu ndi malo ogulitsira ndege. Mavinyo makumi asanu ndi atatu anali kugwira ntchito mu 2006, pofika 2018 panali pafupifupi 1,000 wineries.

Kodi opanga vinyo a ku Georgia adzachita chiyani pambuyo pake? Akhoza kupindula ndi mitundu ya mphesa yapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo chifukwa cha nyengo, amatha kupanga masitayelo avinyo okhwima kwambiri. Kapenanso, atha kusankha kutengera mitundu yakale, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kalekale komanso masitayelo avinyo. Chokhazikika kwambiri chikhoza kukhala chosakaniza ziwirizi. 

Georgia Wine Association

Mu 2010, mamembala amakampani avinyo aku Georgia adakhazikitsa bungwe la Georgian Wine Association (GWA) ngati nsanja yothandizira, chitukuko, ndikusinthana malingaliro. Bungwe lokhala ndi mamembala 30 ndi liwu la gawo la vinyo waku Georgia mkati ndi kunja ndipo likufuna kudziwitsa anthu ndikuyamikira vinyo waku Georgia. Bungweli lilinso ndi udindo wosamalira ndi kukonza miyambo ya vinyo wamba ndi njira zopangira vinyo, kubzala ndi kutsimikizira mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuthandizira kafukufuku wasayansi ndi maphunziro a zamasamba komanso kukulitsa gawo la zokopa alendo. 

Malingaliro a Vinyo Osankhidwa

1. Teliani Tsolikouri 2021. Malo: Orbeli, Lechkhumi district

Teliani Valley ndiye mtundu woyamba waku Georgia kulowa mumsika waku America komanso malo opangira vinyo padziko lonse lapansi omwe amapanga milandu yopitilira 500,000 pachaka ndi 70 peresenti yotumizidwa kunja. Zimaphatikiza njira zachikhalidwe komanso zamakono kuti apange vinyo kuchokera kumitundu yamphesa yaku Georgia.

Munda wamphesawo uli pamalo a Prince Alexander Chavchavadze (1786-1846), wolemba ndakatulo waku Georgia, wothandiza anthu, komanso membala wankhondo yemwe amadziwika kuti ndi "bambo wa chikondi cha ku Georgia." Ndipamene vinyo adayikidwa koyamba ku Georgia ndipo chopereka cha vinyo wakale chimakhala ndi botolo lakale kwambiri la vinyo wa 1814.

•         Zolemba.

Ganizirani Chablis ndi kuwala-ndimu hue, opangidwa kuchokera ku mtundu wa Tsolikouri, wokhala ndi minerality ndi zizindikiro za mandimu, ndi miyala yamchere; mwatsopano ndi zipatso (taganizirani peyala, apulo wobiriwira, manyumwa, chinanazi) ndi uchi). Gwirizanitsani ndi nkhuku yokazinga.

2. Gvantsa Aladasturi Red 2021. Malo: Chigawo cha Imereti; Mitundu ya mphesa ya Aladasturi; qvevri wothira ndi yisiti yakuthengo; mphesa zimabzalidwa pamalo okwera. Zachilengedwe. Made by Gvantsa Abuladze, and sister Baia.

•         Zolemba.

Wotumbululuka wofiyira wa ruby ​​m'maso, zowoneka bwino za raspberries, ma currant ofiira, zolemba zamaluwa kumphuno; ma tannins abwino komanso ofewa; malingaliro a zipatso zofiira, zokometsera zowoneka bwino m'kamwa, zomwe zimatsogolera kumapeto kwautali. Phatikizani ndi nyama yankhumba yokazinga kapena nkhumba.

3. Tevza Chinuri 2021. Malo: Chigawo cha Kartli (midzi ya Bebris ndi Vazian); 100 peresenti ya mitundu ya mphesa ya Chinuri; 14-y/o mipesa yotengedwa pamanja, kupita kumalo opangira mphesa, ndikuphwanyidwa mwachindunji kukhala qvevri; nayonso mphamvu imayamba kutentha. Kuwira modzidzimutsa kumayima vinyo akauma ndipo izi zimatsatiridwa ndi kuwira kwachilengedwe kwa MLF.

Dzinali limachokera ku mtundu winawake wagolide, womwe umawonetsedwa pa lebulolo. Chinuri ndi mphesa yopyapyala yokhala ndi zamkati zowoneka bwino komanso madzi. Goga Tevazdze ndiye wopanga vinyo (wokhazikitsidwa mu 2018). Osasefedwa; amagwiritsa ntchito yisiti yachibadwidwe kuwira; macerates azungu kwa masabata 4-6 pa zikopa mu qvevri ndi osachepera SO2.

•         Zolemba.

Wachikasu pang'ono mpaka amber m'maso; minerality, citrus, creamy, textured ndi zovuta kwambiri

Information

Kuti mumve zambiri pa Vinyo waku Georgia: the Georgian Wine Association (GWA).

© Dr. Elinor Garely. Nkhani yakulemba, kuphatikiza zithunzi, sizingatengeredwe popanda chilolezo cholemba kuchokera kwa wolemba.