Chifukwa chiyani kuwongolera kayendetsedwe ka ndege sikulinso vuto

Kwa zaka makumi atatu tsopano, zinthu ziwiri zakhala zikuvomerezedwa ngati zowona m'makampani oyendetsa ndege: 1) Kuchulukitsitsa kwa mabara onse a eyapoti ndi 2) kuletsa kuwongolera chinali chinthu chabwino.
Chiyambireni lamulo la Airline Deregulation Act mu 1978, zakhala nkhani yachikhulupiriro m'mabwalo ambiri andege kuti izi zidasintha. Ndipo pakhala umboni wokwanira wochirikiza lingaliro lotere:

• Malinga ndi bungwe la Air Transport Association, okwera 275 miliyoni adayikidwa ndi ndege za US mu 1978; chiŵerengerocho chinaŵirikiza pafupifupi katatu kufika pa 769 miliyoni chaka chatha

• Ponseponse, mtengo waulendo wandege unafikira mamiliyoni ambiri aku America

• Ngakhale zikubweretsa nkhawa monga vuto lomwe lilipo pakukonza ntchito, kayendetsedwe ka ndege kakhala kotetezeka pang'onopang'ono pazaka makumi atatu zapitazi.

Kumbali inayi, palibe amene angakane kuti ntchito zandege zatsika kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa. Mwanjira iliyonse yomwe bungwe la US Department of Transportation (DOT) linanena, zinthu zafika poipa: Pali maulendo apandege ochedwerapo, matumba osasamalidwa bwino, okwera mopanda dala komanso madandaulo ogula. Komabe ngakhale pali umboni wonse umenewu, makampani oyendetsa ndege asonyeza kudera nkhaŵa mochititsa mantha, posakhalitsa akukana kulakwa ndi kukana malamulo amtundu uliwonse wa ufulu wonyamula anthu.

Kuphatikiza apo, tikukumana ndi vuto lamafuta lomwe ladzetsa mitengo yokwera, kutha kwa ndalama zandege komanso kuchepetsedwa kwa ntchito. Ganizirani izi:

• Malinga ndi deta yomwe idatulutsidwa sabata yatha ndi American Express, mgawo lachiwiri mitengo yapakhomo idakwera ndi 10% ndipo mitengo yapadziko lonse lapansi idakwera 11%, chaka ndi chaka.

• M'sabata imodzi yokha yowopsa koyambirira kwa chaka chino, ndege zitatu zaku US zidayimitsa, ina idasiya kuwuluka monga momwe zidalengezera kale ndipo ina idalengezanso kuyimitsa.

• Katswiri m'modzi akuyerekeza kuti kuchuluka kwatsika kale chaka chino ndi 9% m'dziko lonselo, ndipo idakali August yokha.

Mapeto sali paliponse, ndipo mawu oti "kukhala" akuwoneka kuti alowa mu lexicon. Chifukwa cha zinthu zonsezi, zikuwonekeratu kuti tsopano tili m'nthawi yomwe sikunapatsidwenso kuyimba mantra, "Zowonadi kuthetseratu kunali lingaliro labwino, lopusa."

Zaka ziwiri zapitazo, Ofesi Yoyang'anira Boma idayang'ana zowongolera, ndipo idalimbikitsa motsutsana ndi izi. Koma mawu oti "R" adabweranso koyambirira kwa chaka chino ku Senate yomva za kuphatikiza kwa ndege, ndipo palibe kubwerera m'mbuyo. Kuyambira pamenepo, yakhala imodzi mwamitu yotentha kwambiri m'mabwalo andege, omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi osiyanasiyana monga mabungwe ogwira ntchito ndi mabanki oyika ndalama akuyitanitsa njira zina zowongolera. Ndipo posachedwapa mawu enanso ayamba kulemetsa.

Osewera akale amalankhula

Mmodzi yemwe ali ndi malingaliro apadera ndi a Robert Crandall, yemwe anali wapampando wakale wa American Airlines komanso mtsogoleri wodziwika bwino wamakampani - zabwino kapena zoyipa - panthawi yomwe anali mubizinesi. M’nkhani yake pamaso pa Wings Club mu Mzinda wa New York mu June, Crandall ananena zotsatirazi: “Zotsatirapo (za kuleka malamulo) zakhala zoipitsitsa kwambiri. Ndege zathu, omwe kale anali atsogoleri adziko lapansi, tsopano ndi otsalira m'magulu onse, kuphatikizapo zaka za zombo, khalidwe lautumiki ndi mbiri yapadziko lonse lapansi. Maulendo apandege ocheperako ali pa nthawi yake. Kusokonekera kwa bwalo la ndege kwakhala gawo lalikulu lamasewera oseketsa usiku. Masamba ochuluka kwambiri amatayika kapena otayika. Mipando yomaliza imakhala yovuta komanso yovuta kupeza. Madandaulo apaulendo akwera kwambiri. Ntchito zandege, mwanthawi zonse, zakhala zosavomerezeka. ”

Kenako, zomwe zidadabwitsa ambiri koma zomwe siziyenera, Crandall adalimbikitsa - monga momwe adachitira m'ma 1970 - motsutsana ndi kuchotsedwa kwathunthu. Iye anati: “Zaka makumi atatu za kuchotsedwa kwa malamulo kwasonyeza kuti ndege zili ndi makhalidwe apadera osagwirizana ndi malo osalamuliridwa kotheratu. Kunena mosapita m’mbali, zokumana nazo zasonyeza kuti mphamvu za msika paokha sizingathe ndipo sizingapange makampani oyendetsa ndege okhutiritsa, amene mwachionekere amafunikira thandizo linalake kuthetsa mavuto ake a mitengo, mitengo, ndi kayendetsedwe kake.”

Crandall anafotokoza mwachidule maganizo ake ponena kuti, “Kuwongolera mitengo pang’onopang’ono, kuwongolera kagawo pa ma eyapoti omwe ali ndi anthu ambiri, malamulo okhwimitsa zinthu kwa onyamula atsopano, malamulo osinthidwa antchito, malamulo osinthitsa osowa ndalama, ndi kaimidwe kabwino kogwirizana ndi mgwirizano wamakampani ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi malamulo ophatikizira onse. masiku a [Civil Aeronautics Board]. Komabe, masitepe ochepawa - m'malingaliro mwanga - angakhale ndi chiyambukiro chokulirapo komanso chabwino pazachuma zamakampani athu andege, phindu la ndege zathu, kuchuluka kwa ntchito mubizinesi yandege komanso moyo wa ogwira ntchito m'ndege. "

Zotsutsana zamtundu wina zidanenedwa mwezi wotsatira, polankhula pamaso pa International Aviation Club ku Washington, DC Inachokera kwa Michael Levine, yemwe ndi mphunzitsi wamkulu pa Sukulu ya Malamulo ya New York University koma nthawi ina anali wosewera wamkulu pa Civil Civil. Aeronautics Board, komanso wamkulu wakale pama ndege angapo, kuphatikiza Continental ndi Northwest.

Levine adati: "Tayamba kuyimba foni kuti tiyimitse filimuyi ndi kulemba script yatsopano, ndikuyimitsa ndi kulemba kochitidwa ndi boma ... ntchito mu makampani oyendetsa ndege. Mtsutso wawo wamalingaliro ndi wakale: kuti bizinesi yokhala ndi ndalama zambiri zokhazikika kapena wamba idzakhala yosakhazikika chifukwa mpikisano umapangitsa mitengo kukhala milingo yomwe salola kuti mtengo wamba ubwezedwe. Mtsutsowu ukutsimikizira mopambanitsa: Tikadakhulupiriradi, tikanayenera kuwongolera pafupifupi makampani onse, chifukwa pafupifupi bizinesi iliyonse imakhala ndi ndalama zokhazikika komanso zofanana.

Nawa maulalo amawu athunthu amalankhulidwe a Crandall ndi malankhulidwe a Levine.

Miyezo iwiri?

Ngakhale m'nyengo yachilimwe, mabulogu oyendetsa ndege ndi mawebusayiti akumveka pamawu awiriwa. Zikuwoneka kuti omwe angalimbikitse boma kuti lilamulire mwamphamvu chuma cha dziko monga kuyendetsa ndege zamalonda akuyenera kukhala okonzeka kumenyedwa ndi ena omwe ali mumakampani omwe akufuna kunena kuti mitundu yonse yoyang'anira mwamphamvu ndi Karl Marx. Koma ndiye, oyang'anira ndege amafulumira kuyimba nyimbo ya "malo amsika asankhe." Kupatula, ndithudi, pamene sakufuna kuti msika usankhe.

Kwa zaka zambiri, pazovuta zambiri - kuyambira pakuwongolera malo a eyapoti kupita kumalo ogwirira ntchito, kubweza ngongole mpaka mitengo yachiwembu, zivomerezo zogawana ma code paulamuliro woyipa kwambiri pabwalo la ndege la Love Field ku Dallas - oyang'anira makampaniwa akhala akufunitsitsa kulandira. kulowerera kwa boma pamene zikuwakomera. Ndikukhulupirira kuti mawu azachuma a izi ndi "chinyengo."

Pakadali pano, onyamula katundu apitiliza kufunafuna njira zina zopangira ndalama, kuyambira kulipiritsa zikwama zoyang'aniridwa mpaka kulipiritsa soda mpaka kupanga zolipiritsa zatsopano zomwe sitinamvepo. Ganizirani kuti kutulutsidwa kwa atolankhani sabata yatha kunanena kuti makhadi angongole omwe amapangidwa ndi ndege zowuluka pafupipafupi amapanga ndalama zoposa $4 biliyoni pachaka kwamakampani asanu ndi awiri akuluakulu mdziko muno - Alaska, America, Continental, Delta, Northwest, United, ndi US Airways. Palibe chilichonse mwa ndalama zowonjezerazi chomwe chingawoneke ngati chokwanira, komabe, kuthetsa kukwera kwa mtengo wamafuta pakapita nthawi.

Koma m'chodabwitsa chodabwitsa, kutsika kwadzidzidzi kwamitengo yamafuta kungapereke mpumulo kwakanthawi ndikungowonjezera zoopsa zomwe makampani opanga ndege angakumane nazo. Monga momwe Dan Reed ananenera mu USA TODAY mlungu watha: “Kutsika kwinanso kwa $10 mpaka $15 pamtengo pa mbiya, kumene akatswiri ena a mafuta tsopano akuti n’kotheka, kudzakhala ndi [ndege za ku United States] zambiri m’mbuyo moipa. Ofufuza a Morgan Stanley ndi JPMorgan Chase akuwonetsanso kuti malonda a haggard atha kukhala opindulitsa mu 2009. " Kubweza kwakanthawi kotereku kungachedwetse kusintha kwadongosolo komwe onyamula aku America adzafunika kuchita kuti akhalebe otheka kwazaka zikubwerazi, makamaka kumakampani omwe amadalira kwambiri mafuta akunja.

Mipando yocheperako komanso maulendo apandege osowa

M'nyengo ino, palibe chomwe chingatengedwe mopepuka, ndipo mpando uliwonse wa ndege ukuweruzidwa pansi pa zovuta zachuma. Pamene ndinkagwira ntchito ya Pan Am Shuttle - opaleshoni yomwe inkangotsala pang'ono kusungitsa anthu apaulendo abizinesi mumpanda wotanganidwa wa Boston-New York-Washington - mitengo yathu pafupifupi inali yokwera kwambiri kuposa yapaulendo wapaulendo wamtunda wofanana pakati pa malo ena. Izi zinali chifukwa cha mbali ina ya chitsimikizo chathu cha kukhalapo ola lirilonse tsiku lonse; ndege zina zinali zodzaza, ndipo zina zinkangonyamula anthu ochepa chabe, koma ndalama zonsezo zitawerengedwa, zinkathandiza ndege zomwe zinalibe anthu komanso zodzaza anthu.

Tsopano oyang'anira ndege akusanthula njira iliyonse, ndege iliyonse, ndi mpando uliwonse m'njira yomwe sanakhalepo, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ndege kukucheperachepera. Ichi ndichifukwa chake msika sukhala wosankha bwino pazokonda za ogula. Mamiliyoni aku America amadalira ndege pafupipafupi kuchita bizinesi, kusunga ubale wabanja, kupeza tchuthi chotsika mtengo komanso kulumikizana ndi madera ena. Ngati oyang'anira ndege awona kuti mayendedwe ena alibe ndalama zokwanira, sangaimbidwe mlandu pochita zinthu zokomera omwe ali nawo. Ngakhale kuteteza mitengo yamitengo kumatanthauza kubweza mautumiki apamlengalenga mazana ambiri m'dziko lonselo.

Ichi ndichifukwa chake kuletsa kuphatikizira gawo la Essential Air Service, kuti DOT ipereke ndalama zothandizira ndege kumadera akumidzi. Komabe, ngakhale thandizo la boma silingathandize ngati wonyamula ndege asiya kugwira ntchito. Ndipo kuwonongeka kwa ndalama zandege m'nyengo yozizirayi kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira kumadera akumidzi.

Mwachitsanzo, talingalirani za ku Hawaii. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino, Aloha Mabungwe a ndege anasiya kuuluka mwadzidzidzi ndipo anasowa pokhala atatumikira kuzilumbazi kuyambira 1946. Panali mantha kwakanthaŵi kenako AlohaMdani wamkulu, Hawaiian Airlines, adalengeza kuti alowererapo kuti athetse kusiyana kwa ndege zapakati pa chilumba. Koma tsopano tangoganizani ngati anthu aku Hawaii angagonjetse kukwera kwamitengo yamafuta ndikutsekanso - ndipo masiku ano sizosatheka kuganizira zonyamula pafupifupi aliyense. Sipakanakhala ntchito yandege yapakatikati pa chilumba popanda Hawaii. Inde, msika ukhala utatha. Koma kwa nzika zambiri zomwe sizingakwanitse kugula jeti wamba, kodi kupita kuzilumbazi ndi bwato kumapangitsa kupambana pamsika?

Kodi phindu lokwanira bwanji?

Ndiye Bambo wa Airline Deregulation amati chiyani pa zonsezi? Alfred Kahn, wapampando wa Civil Aeronautics Board motsogozedwa ndi Purezidenti Carter, adamvapo dzinali kambirimbiri (atangochita nthabwala kuti akufuna mayeso a abambo). M'mafunso omwe adatulutsidwa mwezi watha, Kahn adalimbikira kuti kuletsa malamulowo kunali bwino, ndipo adakhumudwa ndi zomwe Crandall adalankhula. Komabe adanenanso kuti palibe chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti ndege zidzafanana ndi phindu la mafakitale ena.

Mwina ndiye mfundo yaikulu ya nkhaniyi: M'kati mwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake kake kakhale kachidutswa kakang'ono. Ogawana nawo, oyang'anira ndege, ogwira ntchito m'ndege ndi okwera nawonso nthawi zambiri amasemphana ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti apambane. Ndipo sizikuperekedwa kuti zomwe zili zabwino kwa gawo limodzi ndi zabwino kwa onse.

Kuonjezera apo, kupindula kwa nthawi yayitali mumakampani oyendetsa ndege kwatsimikiziranso kuti sizingatheke. M’kalata yotchuka yopita kwa eni ake masheya zaka zingapo zapitazo, wochita malonda Warren Buffett anati: “Ndithudi, ngati kapitalist woona patali akanakhalapo pa Kitty Hawk, akanachitira olowa m’malo ake chiyanjo chachikulu mwa kupha Orville.” Ndipo Richard Branson, woyambitsa Virgin Atlantic Airways, amakonda kunena nthabwala yakale kuti: "Njira yosavuta yopezera miliyoneya ndiyo kuyamba ndi biliyoni ndikupita ku bizinesi yandege."

Tengani nkhani yokonza ndege: Miyezi ingapo yapitayo ndinalankhula pamsonkhano ku Washington za kafukufuku wanga pamutuwu m'malo mwa Consumer Reports. Msonkhanowo udathandizidwa ndi a Business Travel Coalition, gulu lolimbikitsa anthu apaulendo, ndipo Purezidenti wawo, Kevin Mitchell, akufotokoza za ndegezo kuti zikuchita "mpikisano wamisala mpaka pansi pamitengo yokonza." Mwachiwonekere apaulendo sathandizidwa ndi kutsika kwamitengo kotere, ngakhale eni ake atha kukhala (m'kanthawi kochepa).

Mitchell akupereka lingaliro pamutu womwe tikhala tikumva zambiri m'miyezi ikubwerayi, pomwe ndege zochulukirachulukira zapanyumba zikukumana ndi zovuta zakuti zasowa ndalama: "Mtsutsowu wangoyang'ana pa phindu la ndege, koma mkangano ziyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri pa ufulu wodziyimira pawokha wamagetsi kwa nthawi yayitali. Mitchell akuwonjezera kuti, "Pokhapokha ngati mukufuna kupanga chipembedzo pamsika waulere, muyenera kuvomerezana ndi Crandall."

Mtsutso womwe ukubwera

Posakhalitsa, nyumba zonse za Congress ndi purezidenti watsopano atha kukumana ndi mavuto azachuma aku US omwe akulephera kuyendetsa ndege. Asanachitepo kanthu, akakhala anzeru kuzindikira kuti oyang'anira ndege ndi akatswiri ambiri ofufuza zandege ku Wall Street ali mbali zokondera pazokambirana zotere, ndipo mawu ena ayenera kumveka - mawu omwe amalankhula m'malo mwa ogula ndi madera. Ndipo mawu omwe amalankhula za chithunzi chachikulu komanso momwe kayendetsedwe ka ndege zamalonda kamathandizira chuma cha America, chitetezo ndi chitetezo. Zomwe zili zabwino kwa oyang'anira ndege sizingakhale zomwe zili zabwino kwa okhometsa misonkho kuti apereke ndalama ngati izi.

Mkangano wowongolera ukhoza kukhala pa ife posachedwa. Ndizotsimikizirika kuti zenizeni za mikanganoyi zidzatsutsidwa kwambiri. Koma ndikofunikira kuti opanga malamulo, atolankhani komanso anthu oyendayenda amvetsetse zomwe zili pachiwopsezo. Ngati makampani oyendetsa ndege mdziko muno alowa m'mavuto akulu, omwe amadikirira kuti aphunzire zambiri atha kupeza kuti achedwa.