Utumbo Wamunthu: Zovuta Zimagwira Mfungulo Yathanzi Labwino

Tsiku lililonse, mabiliyoni ambiri a mabakiteriya omwe amakhala m'matumbo anu amasintha; chakudya chomwe mumadya, mankhwala omwe mumamwa, ndi majeremusi omwe mumakumana nawo kuti apangitse mabakiteriya ena kukula kwambiri kuposa ena. Asayansi akudziwa kuti kusintha kosasinthika kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta m'matumbo kumalumikizidwa ndi thanzi lanu komanso matenda anu, koma adavutikira kutsimikizira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tizikhala bwino kuposa china.      

M’zaka khumi zapitazi, asayansi afotokoza kachulukidwe kakang’ono ka munthu—kusonkhanitsa tizilombo tomwe timapezeka m’matumbo a munthu—posonyeza kuti ndi mabakiteriya amtundu wanji, komanso kuchuluka kwake. Tsopano, gulu la ofufuza motsogozedwa ndi Katie Pollard, PhD, ku Gladstone Institutes adasindikiza maphunziro awiri atsopano omwe amasonyeza kuti kuyang'anira mitundu ya mabakiteriya-osati mitundu yokha-ingapereke chidziwitso chabwino pa microbiome.

Mitundu ya mabakiteriya ndi yofanana pang'ono ndi mitundu ya agalu kapena phwetekere—mbali za mtundu womwewo, koma wosiyana wina ndi mzake.

Mu kafukufuku wina wofalitsidwa mu nyuzipepala ya Nature Biotechnology, labu ya Pollard inagwira ntchito ndi Stephen Nayfach, PhD, wasayansi wofufuza ku US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, kuti apange njira yatsopano yowerengera mitundu ya mabakiteriya omwe amapezeka mu microbiome zitsanzo zambiri. mwachangu komanso motsika mtengo kuposa matekinoloje omwe alipo. Njira yatsopanoyi, a Pollard akuti, ithandiza ofufuza kuti azitha kusanthula zazikulu komanso zolondola kwambiri za microbiome kuposa kale.

Mu pepala lina lofalitsidwa pa intaneti mu Genome Research, Pollard adagwirizana ndi ma lab a Benjamin Good, PhD, ndi Michael Snyder, PhD, ku yunivesite ya Stanford kuti afufuze mitundu ya mabakiteriya omwe amapezeka mu microbiome ya munthu m'modzi pa nthawi 19 zosiyanasiyana pa 5- mwezi, kuphatikizapo isanayambe kapena itatha mankhwala opha tizilombo. Anapeza kuti, nthawi zina, kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya amtundu wina kumakhalabe kosasintha pakati pa nthawi, koma mitundu yamtundu wamtunduwu inasintha kwambiri.

Kupanga Ma Microbiomes Kukhala Opindulitsa

M'matumbo anu, mabakiteriya amachita zambiri kuposa kungogaya chakudya chanu. Zowonadi, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi matenda osiyanasiyana monga kutupa kwamatumbo, mphumu, autism, shuga, ndi khansa ali ndi mabakiteriya osiyanasiyana m'thupi lawo poyerekezera ndi anthu athanzi. Koma mankhwala ochepa omwe amayang'ana ma microbiome adatuluka kuchokera pazomwezi mpaka pano.

Popeza bakiteriya aliyense ali ndi ma genetic code, asayansi amadalira kutsata kwa DNA kuti apeze zomwe mabakiteriya amakhala mu microbiome ya munthu aliyense. Koma kusanthula mayendedwe a DNA kumakhala kovuta chifukwa cha kukula ndi zovuta za deta. Ngakhale ofufuza angagwiritse ntchito njira zomwe zilipo kuti adziwe kuti ndi mitundu yanji yomwe ilipo, izi zimangopereka gawo lachithunzi cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma microbiome ndi ntchito zake. Ndi chifukwa chakuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabakiteriya amtundu umodzi imatha kukhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa majini, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala aakulu mokwanira kuti apangitse makhalidwe osiyanasiyana.

Mpaka pano, kuzindikira kusiyana kwa majini mu chitsanzo cha microbiome kwafuna mphamvu zamakompyuta zogwira ntchito kwambiri komanso kusungirako mitambo-chinthu chomwe sichipezeka kwa ma lab ambiri. Akatswiri zimayenera kufanizana mamiliyoni DNA zidutswa za genomes zikwi mabakiteriya pano mu microbiome kuti Nawonso achichepere ndi mbali iliyonse bakiteriya amadziwika pogwiritsa ntchito njira kudziwika monga ndondomeko mayikidwe.

Pollard ndi anzake ankadziwa kuti kutalika kwa matupi awo sagwirizana ndi mitundu yambiri ya mabakiteriya. Chifukwa chake, zotsatizanazi sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthandizira kudziwa mtundu wina wa bakiteriya. Molimbikitsidwa ndi njira zomwe zimasanthula magawo osinthika kwambiri amtundu wamunthu, gululo lidayesetsa kupeza zidziwitso zochepa zomwe angafune kuti achotse ku data ya microbiome kuti adziwe mitundu yomwe ili nayo.

Ofufuzawo adasanthula ma genome opitilira 100,000 omwe amapezeka poyera komanso apamwamba kwambiri kuchokera ku mitundu pafupifupi 900 ya mabakiteriya omwe amapezeka m'matumbo amunthu. Anapeza zingwe zazifupi zokwana 104 miliyoni za DNA mu ma genomes a bakiteriya omwe amasiyana nthawi zambiri pakati pa mitundu ya mabakiteriya. Kenako, adagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitsochi kupanga algorithm yatsopano, yotchedwa GenoTyper for Prokaryotes (GT-Pro), yomwe imasaka ma data a microbiome kuti agwirizane ndendende ndi zingwe zazikulu zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati zozindikiritsa mabakiteriya. Mosiyana ndi njira zamasanjidwe am'mbuyomu, GT-Pro imakwanira pamtima pa laputopu ndipo safuna makompyuta ochita bwino kwambiri komanso mbiri yamtambo.

Ntchito yofufuzira idakhala yocheperako chifukwa ndi ma lab ochepa okha padziko lonse lapansi omwe ali ndi ndalama kapena zida zamakompyuta kuti azisanthula deta ya microbiome pakuthana ndi zovuta.

Pambuyo ndi pambuyo Maantibayotiki

Limodzi mwamafunso omwe ofufuza a microbiome akhala akuyesetsa kuyankha m'zaka zaposachedwa ndi momwe ma microbiome amasinthira m'thupi la munthu m'modzi pakapita nthawi. Funso ili layankhidwa pamtundu wa zamoyo; asayansi awona momwe mitundu ya tizilombo tomwe timapanga tizilombo ta anthu imasinthiratu komanso zakudya, matenda, kapena kusintha kwa chilengedwe. Koma zotsatira zalephera kufotokoza momwe microbiome imapezera ntchito zatsopano, monga kukana maantibayotiki kapena kuthekera koyambitsa mankhwala a chemotherapy, pomwe mitundu yamitundu imakhala yokhazikika mwezi ndi mwezi.

Pollard ndi anzake ankafuna kufufuza funsoli mozama, pofufuza momwe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, osati zamoyo, zimasintha pakapita nthawi. Adakonzanso njira yomwe idapangidwira kusanja ma cell amunthu m'modzi ndikuigwiritsa ntchito kuletsa mamolekyu a bakiteriya a DNA. Izi zinathandiza gululo kuti lizitha kuyang'anira mtundu wa mabakiteriya mwa munthu m'modzi pa kafukufuku wa miyezi isanu.

Gululo lidatsata ma microbiome a munthu wathanzi pafupifupi kamodzi pa sabata kwa miyezi isanu. Panthawi imeneyo, nkhaniyi idapezeka modabwitsa kuti ili ndi matenda a Lyme ndipo inalandira mankhwala a 5-masabata a antibiotic omwe amadziwika kuti amachotsa mitundu yambiri ya mabakiteriya, kuphatikizapo omwe amakhala m'matumbo a munthu.

Nthawi zina, zinali zoona-ena mitundu, ndi tizilombo, tizilombo anali modziwika ndinapirira, pano ndi genomes pafupifupi zikutsatiridwa pa chiyambi ndi mapeto a nthawi ya 5 miyezi. Koma nthawi zina, mitundu yomwe imapezeka pambuyo pa maantibayotiki inali yosiyana ndi yapachiyambi ngakhale kuti kuchuluka kwa mitunduyo sikunasinthe. Chofunika kwambiri, kusiyana kumeneku kukanaphonya ngati gululo lidangosanthula zamoyo zomwe zimapezeka muzachitsanzo za microbiome iliyonse.

Ngakhale algorithm ya GT-Pro inali isanapezeke kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito mu kafukufukuyu, Pollard akuti ipangitsa maphunziro amtsogolo omwewo kukhala osavuta komanso otsika mtengo.

Kujambula Njira Yatsopano ya Maphunziro a Microbiome

Mabakiteriya omwe ali m'thupi mwanu ali ngati nkhalango, malo okhala, osinthika, okhala ndi zamoyo zomwe zimagwirizana bwino. Akayang'ana zithunzi za satellite kuchokera pamwamba, akatswiri a zachilengedwe amatha kuyang'anitsitsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa nkhalango, koma amaphonya zovuta zomwe zimaumba chilengedwe.

Mofananamo, omwe amaphunzira za microbiome poyang'ana momwe zamoyo zimasinthira akhala akupeza mawonekedwe apamwamba pa intaneti, ndikuwona kugwirizana koonekeratu kwa thanzi ndi matenda. Koma ndi GT-Pro komanso mawonekedwe atsopano a tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, Pollard akuti, maulalo atsopano adzawonekera.