The Humboldt Current Imakhudza Kukoma kwa Vinyo waku Chile

Ngati simunafufuze Vinyo waku Chile m'malo ogulitsira kwanuko kapena pa intaneti, ino ndi nthawi yabwino kukonza izi. Chile imakonda kunyalanyazidwa komanso kutchulidwa mochepa, ili ndi dera la vinyo lomwe nthawi zonse limapanga vinyo wapadera woyenera kuzindikirika kwambiri.

Zosakaniza Zopambana

Kumalo ndi nyengo ku Chile ndikoyenera kulima mitundu yamphesa yapamwamba kwambiri. Lili pamtunda wa makilomita oposa 2,600 kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kum’mwera ndipo n’litali makilomita 110 okha m’lifupi, dziko lowondali limapindula ndi Nyanja ya Pacific yomwe imakometsa malire ake onse akumadzulo ndi mapiri aakulu a Andes okongoletsa gombe lake lakum’mawa. Kuphatikizana kwapadera kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mphepo yozizirira bwino ya m'nyanja ya Pacific ndi kusinthasintha kwa mapiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale malo abwino kwambiri olima mphesa.

Madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Chile amadziwika ndi zinthu ziwiri zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimathandizira kuti mavinyo ake akhale osiyana ndi ena: Humboldt Current ndi Coastal Range.

Mtsinje wa Humboldt Current, womwe umadziwikanso kuti Peru Current, ndi madzi ozizira a m'nyanja omwe amapangitsa kuti kuzizirike. Kuyenda kumpoto kuchokera ku Antarctica m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumadzulo kwa South America kumabweretsa madzi ochuluka ku zilumba za Galapagos. Amatchedwa Alexander Von Humboldt, katswiri wa zachilengedwe, mphepoyi imayendetsedwa ndi mphepo yamphamvu yomwe imachotsa madzi ofunda ndi opanda mchere, zomwe zimalola madzi ozizira a Antarctic kukwera pamwamba, kumapanga chodabwitsa. Humboldt Current ndi imodzi mwazachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimachirikiza nsomba zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo ndichifukwa chake mitundu ina ya ma penguin imatha kumera bwino pafupi ndi equator.

Humboldt Current imalola mphesa kupsa pang'onopang'ono, kusunga kukoma kwake kosiyana. Kucha kwapang'onopang'ono kumeneku kumasunga zolemba zazitsamba, monga jalapeno, katsitsumzukwa, ndi udzu, komanso kukulitsa zipatso za citrusy za vinyo wa laimu, mandimu, ndi manyumwa. Pafupifupi tsiku lililonse, minda ya mpesa imakutidwa ndi chifunga choteteza chomwe chimachepetsa kutentha kwa mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa malo abwino opangira mphesa zapamwamba kwambiri.

Mtsinje wa Coastal Range, womwe ndi mapiri oyenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Pacific kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera, umagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga madera a chigawochi. Malo otsetserekawa amakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya miyala ya granite, yotsetsereka yakumadzulo yomwe imakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi nyengo yozizira yapanyanja, ndipo otsetsereka akum'mawa amakhala ngati chotchinga mpweya wozizira wanyanja. Kusiyanasiyana kwa malowa, kuphatikizidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dothi, kumapereka masitayelo osiyanasiyana pakati pa vinyo wa Sauvignon Blanc wa ku Chile, zomwe zimapereka zosankha zambiri kuti ogula afufuze ndi kununkhira.

Kufika kwa Mphesa

Mphesa za Vitis vinifera zinabweretsedwa ku Chile m'zaka za zana la 16 ndi ogonjetsa a ku Spain ndi amishonale omwe anabweretsa mipesa ya ku Ulaya kuderali. Hernan Cortes ndi asilikali ake anatopa vinyo amene anabwera nawo kuchokera ku Spain kukondwerera kugonjetsa Ufumu wa Aztec mu 1521. Chifukwa chake, imodzi mwa machitidwe oyambirira a Cortes monga bwanamkubwa inali kulamula kubzala mphesa ku New Spain.

Mu 1545, Pedro de Valdivia, bwanamkubwa woyamba wa chitsamunda cha Chile, adapempha mipesa kwa Mfumu kuti ithandize kulalikira ku Chile. Amakhulupirira kuti Pais (Listan Prieto), mphesa ya vinyo wofiira, inali m'gulu la mphesa zoyambirira zomwe anthu a ku Spain anayambitsa, ndipo Rodrigo de Araya (1555) amadziwika kuti ndi msilikali woyamba wa ku Spain kuyambitsa ulimi ku Chile, kuphatikizapo kulima minda ya mpesa. .

Udindo wosamalira minda ya mpesa yoyambirira imeneyi unakhala pa ansembe a Yesuit, amene ankagwiritsa ntchito vinyo wopangidwa pazifuno zachipembedzo, makamaka pa chikondwerero cha Ukaristia. Makamaka, m'zaka za m'ma 16, wolemba mbiri waku Chile, Alonso de Ovalle, adalemba za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphesa kuwonjezera pa mphesa wamba wakuda, kuphatikiza muscatel, torotel, albillo, ndi morale, zomwe zidabzalidwa kwambiri m'derali.

Munthawi yaulamuliro wa Spain, kupanga minda ya mpesa ku Chile kunali koyenera, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu aku Chile agule vinyo wawo wambiri kuchokera ku Spain. Komabe, mu 1641, kuitanitsa vinyo kuchokera kwa Viceroyalty wa Chile ndi Peru kupita ku Spain kunaletsedwa, zomwe zinakhudza kwambiri makampani a vinyo. Kuletsa kumeneku kunadzetsa mphesa zochulukira, zomwe pambuyo pake zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga pisco ndi aguardiente, zomwe zidatsala pang'ono kuwononga kupanga vinyo wa ku Peru.

Ngakhale zili zoletsa izi, anthu aku Chile adapitilizabe kukonda vinyo wopangidwa m'nyumba kuposa vinyo wa oxid, wodzaza ndi viniga wotumizidwa kuchokera ku Spain, omwe sanapirire maulendo ataliatali. Anatumizanso vinyo wawo ku dziko loyandikana nalo la Peru. Komabe, katundu wina adagwidwa panyanja ndi wabizinesi waku Britain Francis Drake. M’malo mokwiyitsa Drake, dziko la Spain linaimba mlandu dziko la Chile ndipo linalamula kuti liwononge minda yake yambiri ya mpesa, ngakhale kuti lamuloli silinanyalanyazidwe.

Chikoka cha ku France

Mbiri ya vinyo ku Chile, ngakhale idagwirizana ndi ndale ndi Spain, idakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kupanga vinyo ku France, makamaka Bordeaux. Mliri wa phylloxera usanachitike, eni malo olemera a ku Chile anapita ku France ndikuyamba kuitanitsa mitundu ya mphesa ya ku France. Don Silvestre Errazuris anali m'gulu la oyamba kuchita izi, akubweretsa mphesa monga Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Malbec, Sauvignon Blanc, ndi Semillon. Analemba ntchito katswiri wodziwa zamaluwa wa ku France kuti aziyang'anira minda ya mpesa yomwe imatulutsa vinyo wamtundu wa Bordeaux. Pozindikira kuthekera ku Chile, adayesanso kulima mphesa yaku Germany ya Riesling.

Kufika kwa mliri wa phylloxera ku France kunapereka mwayi kwa makampani opanga vinyo aku Chile. Pamene minda ya mpesa ya ku France idawonongeka, opanga vinyo ambiri a ku France adabweretsa luso lawo ndi luso lawo ku South America. Zotsatira zake, Silvestre Ochagavia Echazaret adakhazikitsa Ochagavia Wines mu 1851, ndipo Don Maximiano Errazuriz adayambitsa Vina Errazuriz mu 1870, onse pogwiritsa ntchito mphesa zomwe zidatumizidwa kuchokera ku France.

Za Mphesa

Ngakhale kuti mayiko ena amaika mafakitale awo a vinyo pamtundu umodzi kapena iwiri ya mphesa, Chile ndi yosiyana. Maphunziro okhwima a nthaka ndi gawo la ndemanga zokhazikika za opanga vinyo aku Chile pamene akufuna kudziwa mitundu yabwino ya mphesa pamasamba awo.

Chigwa cha Leyda, dera laling'ono lachigwa cha San Antonio lomwe lili pamtunda wa 90km kumadzulo kwa Santiago komanso moyandikana ndi nyanja ya Pacific Ocean, ndi dera lozizira kwambiri lomwe limakhudzidwa ndi Humboldt Current. Imapanga vinyo wowoneka bwino komanso watsopano, kuphatikiza Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, ndi Pinot Noir. Dothi la dera la vinyo la Leyda Valley nthawi zambiri limapangidwa ndi dongo ndi loam, lomwe lili ndi maziko a granite omwe amathandiza kutulutsa madzi. Dothi ili ndi loyenera kulima mphesa zamtengo wapatali zomwe zingagwirizane ndi terroirs zosabereka kwambiri. Mphesazo ndi zazing'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tizikhala timadziti tambirimbiri.

Economics wa Vinyo waku Chile

Vinyo amapangidwa ku Chile kuchokera ku Atacama kupita ku Araucania, ndi minda ya mpesa yokwera ndi kutsika m'zigwa. Mu 2021, panali mahekitala 130,086 a mipesa yobzalidwa. Mu 2022, kupanga vinyo waku Chile kunali malita 1.244 biliyoni, kutsika kwa 7.39 peresenti kuchokera ku 2021. Mu 2022, voliyumu yotumiza vinyo waku Chile idakwana malita 833.5 miliyoni, kutsika kwa 4.0 peresenti kuyambira 2021, pomwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwapakhomo kudafikira malita 292 miliyoni.

Vinyo Tsogolo

Cholinga chachikulu chamakampani opanga vinyo aku Chile ndikupititsa patsogolo mavinyo ake padziko lonse lapansi ndikuchotsa mawonekedwe ake ngati dziko lotsika mtengo lopangira vinyo. Zoyeserera zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa mu 2018 zakhala zikuyenda bwino, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti malonda achuluke ndi 20 peresenti ku China ndikulimbikitsa kukwera kwa malonda amtengo wapatali ku US, Japan, South Korea, ndi Hong Kong.

Kukhazikika ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa opanga vinyo, ndipo boma la Chile lidalonjeza kuti silidzalowerera ndale pofika chaka cha 2050. Palinso kuyesetsa kuchepetsa kuchuluka ndi kulemera kwa mabotolo ndi kulongedza kuti zitsimikizire kuti 2020 peresenti ndi yolekanitsidwa, yogwiritsidwanso ntchito, yobwezeretsanso, kapena compostable pofika chaka cha 76. Chile sikungopanga vinyo wapadera komanso kudzipereka ku tsogolo lokhazikika ndi chilengedwe makampani a vinyo.

M'malingaliro anga

Pamwambo waposachedwa wa Master Class ku New York City, vinyo waku Chile adawonetsedwa

1. 2018 Matetic, EQ Granite Organic Pinot Noir

Mu 1892, Jorge Matetic-Celtinia adafika ku Punta Arenas, atachoka padoko lodziwika bwino la Fiume mu Ufumu wa Austro-Hungary, womwe tsopano umadziwika kuti Rijeka ku Croatia. Ulendo wake unali chiyambi cha cholowa chodabwitsa chopanga vinyo. Mu 1899, adabzala munda wake wamphesa m'chigwa chokongola cha Rosario, chomwe chili pakati pa zigwa za m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Casablanca ndi San Antonio. Malo apadera a terroir a m'derali angathandize kwambiri kupanga vinyo wapadera.

Chaka cha 2001 chidayamba kuyambika kwa nyengo yatsopano ndikukolola koyambilira kwa mzere wa vinyo wa EQ. M'gululi munali Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, ndi Syrah, chilichonse chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe ake aderali. Makamaka, 2001 EQ Syrah idadziwika ngati Syrah yoyamba yoziziritsa ku Chile, ikuwonetsa gawo latsopano pakupanga vinyo waku Chile. Mu 2002, munda wamphesawo unasintha kwambiri pazaulimi wa organic ndi biodynamic, ndikutsimikizira kudzipereka kuzinthu zokhazikika komanso zothandiza zachilengedwe. Chigamulochi chinateteza chilengedwe komanso chinathandiza kuti mphesa zizioneka bwino.

Malo opangira mphesa amakono a Matetic adamangidwa mwaluso mu 2003, akudzitamandira ndi mapangidwe amakono, makina otulutsa mphamvu yokoka, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe monga matabwa ndi miyala. Zodabwitsa za kamangidwezi zimagwirizana ndi chilengedwe ndipo zidakhala malo opangira vinyo wapadera.

Chaka cha 2004 chinabweretsa kuzindikirika koyenera pomwe EQ Syrah idasankhidwa kukhala imodzi mwavinyo 100 apamwamba kwambiri pachaka ndi Wine Spectator Magazine. Chivomerezo chodziwika bwinochi chinali chochititsa chidwi kwambiri, chifukwa inali Sirah yoyamba ya Chile kupeza malo pamndandandawu. Kuphatikiza apo, pozindikira kudzipereka kwawo pantchito zokhazikika, Demeter adapereka satifiketi ya biodynamic kwa minda yonse ya mpesa, yomwe imatenga malo okulirapo mahekitala 160. Chitsimikizochi chinali umboni wa kudzipereka kosasunthika kwa a Matetic pazachilengedwe, kupititsa patsogolo vinyo wawo wabwino komanso kuyera.

zolemba

Magwero a vinyoyu ndi Chigwa cha Casablanca, chomwe chili ndi dothi la granite, makilomita 6 kuchokera ku Pacific Ocean. Munda wamphesa umayendetsedwa motengera mfundo za organic ndi biodynamic zomwe zimapanga mphesa zapamwamba kwambiri zokhala ndi terroir. Wothira mu akasinja achitsulo, okalamba kwa miyezi 14-18 mu 75 peresenti ya oak watsopano wa ku France umapereka mtundu wofiyira wofiyira ndipo umapereka fungo la zipatso zofiira, yamatcheri, ndi sitiroberi okhala ndi nthaka, mchere, zokometsera (sinamoni, cloves, nutmeg, tsabola. ) zolemba. Mkamwa ndi wofewa, wovuta komanso wokhazikika wa tannins wokhala ndi acidity yokwanira bwino komanso tannin wowonjezera ndipo amasiya m'mbuyo timadzi ta chokoleti chakuda ndi sitiroberi kuti tizikumbukira mosangalala.

2. 2023 Montes, Malire Akunja Sauvignon Blanc. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku mphesa zomwe zimalimidwa kumadera akutali kwambiri a gombe la Chile.

The Montes Winery idakhazikitsidwa mu 1988 ndi Aurelio Montes ndi anzawo, motsogozedwa ndi ntchito yomveka bwino: kupanga mavinyo apamwamba kwambiri. Masomphenyawa akuimiridwa ndi mngelo wowonetsedwa mu chizindikiro cha Montes, kusonyeza chikhulupiriro chosagwedezeka pamasiku ano komanso tsogolo la vinyo wa ku Chile.

Ili m'chigawo cha Zappala ku Aconcagua, makilomita asanu ndi awiri okha kuchokera kumphepete mwa nyanja, mphesa za vinyo wa Montes zimatengedwa kuchokera kumunda umodzi wamphesa. Malowa amapindula ndi nyengo yozizira komanso kuyandikira kwake kunyanja, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mavinyo azikhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya acidity, ma mineral notes, kukongola, komanso kununkhira kodabwitsa. Chaka chilichonse, mphesazo zimakololedwa bwino m’katikati mwa mwezi wa April, zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha nyengo yozizira ya m’derali.

Kuti mphesazo zimve fungo lathunthu ndi kukoma kwake, zimanyowetsedwa ndi madzi ozizira kwa maola anayi zisanawike pang'onopang'ono m'matangi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimatha masiku 30. Kuphatikiza apo, vinyoyo amakalamba pamiyezi 6-8 kuti apereke mawonekedwe ozungulira komanso ogwirizana m'kamwa mwake. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 2000, vinyo wa Montes watumizidwa kumayiko oposa 80, kusonyeza kuzindikirika kwawo ndi kuyamikiridwa padziko lonse lapansi.

zolemba

M'galasi, vinyo wa Montes amawonetsa mtundu wonyezimira, wowoneka bwino wachikasu. Kununkhira kwake ndi kokulirapo, kokhala ndi zolemba zodziwika bwino zachipatso, manyumwa apinki, ndi chinanazi, zolumikizana ndi masamba a phwetekere ndi tsabola wobiriwira. M'kamwa, vinyo amadzitamandira mbiri yapakatikati yokhala ndi acidity yamphamvu yomwe imapangitsa kuti munthu amve kukoma. Kutsirizitsa kumapereka kukhudza kosangalatsa kwa mchere, kumapereka chithunzithunzi chosangalatsa cha kutsekemera kwa zolemba zamaluwa zomwe zimaphimba kukoma kwa zipatso.

3. 2021 Santa Rita, Floresta Chardonnay

Malo opangira mphesawa ndi amodzi mwa opanga vinyo kwambiri ku Chile, omwe ali m'dera lokongola la Alto Jahuel ku Chigwa cha Maipo, lodziwika bwino chifukwa cha luso lake lopanga vinyo. Mbiri yake yolemera idayamba mu 1880 pomwe Domingo Fernandez Concha adayambitsa winery. Panthawiyo, kuchuluka kwachuma kuchokera ku migodi ya Atacama Desert kupita ku Santiago kunalimbikitsa kukula kwa gawo la vinyo lomwe likukula kumwera kwa mzindawu.

Santa Rita anali mpainiya pantchito yophukira iyi, akuitanitsa mphesa kuchokera ku France ndikuyamba ulendo wopanga vinyo wapadera. Pakalipano, Santa Rita ali ndi makina asanu opangira vinyo omwe amafalikira ku Chile, onse ali ndi mphamvu zopangira ndi kusunga pafupifupi malita 90 miliyoni a vinyo.

zolemba

Mtundu wonyezimira wa mandimu wagolide, wonyezimira mugalasi, umakhala ngati kalankhulidwe kochititsa chidwi kakumveka kafungo ka fungo kamene kamavina m'maganizo. Zolemba zofewa za verbena, peel ya mandimu, mavwende okoma, ndi kamphepo kayeziyezi kanyanja kakusangalatsa malo onunkhira bwino, kulonjeza vinyo wokopa komanso wopatsa mphamvu m'kamwa mwanzeru.

Ulendo wokoma ndi wodabwitsa, wodziwika ndi kusakanikirana kodabwitsa. Vinyo uyu amatulutsa chisangalalo chosayembekezereka komanso mawonekedwe athunthu omwe amatsutsana ndi ziyembekezo zanthawi zonse za vinyo woyera. Maonekedwe ake ndi osalala modabwitsa komanso osalala bwino, amakuta zokometsera ndikukumbatira kowoneka bwino, zomwe zimasiya mawonekedwe osatha.

Vinyo akafika pomaliza, mapeto ake amakhala osangalatsa kwambiri. Imakhala ndi tanthauzo la manyumwa okometsera, ndikuwonjezera kukoma kwa zipatso za citrus pazochitikazo, pomwe imalumikizana ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa mchere wa miyala yonyowa komanso kukopa kwa nthaka kwa miyala yam'nyanja. Vinyo uyu, wokhala ndi zigawo zambiri komanso zinthu zodabwitsa, ndiukadaulo weniweni kwa iwo omwe akufuna ulendo wokopa komanso wosaiwalika wa vinyo woyera.

© Dr. Elinor Garely. Nkhani yakulemba, kuphatikiza zithunzi, sizingatengeredwe popanda chilolezo cholemba kuchokera kwa wolemba.